MT neurons show a memory trace.

<p>The memory trace is an enhanced postsaccadic response (compared to the simple-saccade) when a moving target RDP was presented (only before the saccade) at their postsaccadic RF location. We pooled the responses to the two RDP directions because we did not find an influence of RDP motion direction on the memory trace (<a href="http://www.plosbiology.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pbio.1002390#pbio.1002390.g005" target="_blank">Fig 5</a>). (A,B) Population average PSTHs for monkey H (A) and monkey E (B) in the attend-in condition of the interrupted-stimulus task (blue) compared to the simple-saccade task (black). The <i>y</i>-axes in A and B have different ranges. (C,D) Frequency polygons of the distribution of modulation indices (for the response from 0 to 350 ms after saccade offset) comparing these two conditions in monkey H (C) and monkey E (D) show a clear predominance of values greater than zero, i.e., an enhanced response in the attend-in condition. Conventions as in <a href="http://www.plosbiology.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pbio.1002390#pbio.1002390.g002" target="_blank">Fig 2</a>. Data in Supporting Information (<a href="http://www.plosbiology.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pbio.1002390#pbio.1002390.s004" target="_blank">S2 Data</a>).</p

Evidence only for transient feature-related information in the memory trace in one monkey.

<p>In the left column, population average PSTHs for the preferred direction (blue trace in A,C and red trace in B,D) and nonpreferred direction (cyan trace in A,C and magenta trace in B,D) for the attend-in (A,C) and attend-out (B,D) conditions of the interrupted-stimulus task are plotted. Preferred and nonpreferred directions were determined from the responses in the continuous-stimulus task. In the right column, the mean difference (averaged across neurons) between the PSTH for the preferred and nonpreferred direction is plotted (along with the 95% confidence bands) for the attend-in (E,G) and attend-out (F,H) conditions. All PSTHs calculated using overlapping 50 ms bins, stepping every 10 ms. Data from monkey H (A–B,E–F) and monkey E (C–D,G–H). Statistical significance was calculated (using signed-rank tests Bonferroni-corrected for 16 comparisons) using the difference between firing rates (diamond symbols) as well as using the modulation index (asterisk symbol) in nonoverlapping 50 ms windows over the entire analysis period (16 comparisons over 800 ms from -300 to 500 ms relative to saccade offset). Only one time bin (G) showed significance. Other conventions as in <a href="http://www.plosbiology.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pbio.1002390#pbio.1002390.g002" target="_blank">Fig 2</a>. Data in Supporting Information (<a href="http://www.plosbiology.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pbio.1002390#pbio.1002390.s007" target="_blank">S5 Data</a>).</p

Task design and timing.

<p>Two rhesus monkeys were trained to perform a task that involved attending to one of two moving RDPs while also making a visually guided saccade if the fixation point jumped to a new location (continuous-stimulus task and fixation task). On about 44% of trials, the RDPs disappeared just before the saccade (interrupted-stimulus task). On about 11% of trials, RDPs were never presented and the monkey only had to make a visually guided saccade (simple-saccade task). Values next to each panel represent the durations of the task phase represented by that panel. For details, see <a href="http://www.plosbiology.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pbio.1002390#sec006" target="_blank">Materials and Methods</a> and <a href="http://www.plosbiology.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pbio.1002390#pbio.1002390.s010" target="_blank">S1 Text</a>.</p

The memory trace is sensitive to top-down attention.

<p>The postsaccadic response is larger when a target RDP (as compared to a distractor RDP) was in the postsaccadic RF location before the saccade. (A,B) Population average PSTHs for monkey H (A) and monkey E (B) in the attend-in condition (blue) and attend-out condition (red) of the interrupted-stimulus task, pooled across motion directions as well as the simple-saccade task (black). The <i>y</i>-axes in A and B have different ranges. (C,E) Frequency polygons of the distribution of modulation indices comparing the attend-in and attend-out conditions in monkey H (C) and monkey E (E) show a clear predominance of values greater than zero, i.e., an enhanced response in the attend-in condition. (D,F) Frequency polygons of the distribution of modulation indices comparing the attend-out condition of the interrupted-stimulus task and the simple-saccade task in monkey H (D) and monkey E (F) show no significant difference in the responses. Conventions as in Figs <a href="http://www.plosbiology.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pbio.1002390#pbio.1002390.g002" target="_blank">2</a> and <a href="http://www.plosbiology.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pbio.1002390#pbio.1002390.g003" target="_blank">3</a>. Data in Supporting Information (<a href="http://www.plosbiology.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pbio.1002390#pbio.1002390.s005" target="_blank">S3 Data</a>).</p

Pt/Fe₃O₄ Core/Shell Triangular Nanoprisms by Heteroepitaxy: Facet Selectivity at the Pt–Fe₃O₄ Interface and the Fe₃O₄ Outer Surface

Pt/Fe₃O₄ core/shell triangular nanoprisms were synthesized using seed-mediated heteroepitaxy. Their well-defined shape, facets, and ordered-assembly allowed detailed analysis of mechanism of the heteroepitaxy. At the Pt–Fe₃O₄ interface, existence of both lattice and chemical mismatch resulted in facet-selective epitaxy along ⟨111⟩ directions of two lattices. X-ray absorption fine structure measurements demonstrated that the Pt seed nanocrystals were composed of an iron-rich Pt–Fe metallic thin layer sandwiched between the Pt core and a Fe–O outer-surface. The Fe–O outer-surface of the seed nanocrystals presumably offered epitaxial sites for the following deposition of the Fe₃O₄ shell. Each tip and side of a triangular nanoprism respectively possessed a groove and a ridge, and a (111) plane parallel to the basal planes linked all grooves and ridges. This interesting (111) plane approximately bisected the triangle nanoprisms and located near the Pt-seed. The outer surface of the hybrid nanocrystals was also found to be facet-selective, that is, solely {111} facets of Fe₃O₄ lattice. These polar {111} facets allowed the surface to be only occupied with high-density iron ions, and thus offered best surface coordination for the electron donating ligands in the solution

Identification of the Bioactive Compounds of Raw and Honey-Processed Farfarae Flos by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (HPLC-MS) with the Spectrum-Effect Relationship and Chemometrics

Farfarae Flos (FF), also known as “Kuandonghua” in Chinese, is a commonly used traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) with various therapeutic properties, including antitussive, expectorant, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory effects. Despite the widespread consumption of processed FF, there has been limited progress in improving quality control measures for both raw FF and honey-processed Farfarae Flos (PFF). This study aimed to establish a comprehensive strategy for quality evaluation and distinguish between FF and PFF by integrating high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS) analysis with chemometric techniques. Additionally, the antioxidant activities of FF and PFF were assessed using radical-scavenging experiments. The spectrum-effect relationship is the association of chemical composition information of the fingerprint with antioxidant activity, which was used to predict the primary active components that influence the antioxidant activity of FF. The results indicated that FF and PFF samples showed a clear distinction, and the most potent pharmacologically active ingredients were hyperoside, quercetin, caffeic acid, isoquercitrin, neochlorogenic acid, rutin, cryptochlorogenic acid, and isochlorogenic acid C. Moreover, the comprehensive efficacy of the honey-processed FF was better than for raw FF. In conclusion, the findings of this study provide a scientific foundation for future evaluation of the quality, further research, and practical use of FF herbs.</p

Blood pressure progression incidences within different Hcy quartiles.

<p>Square symbol: Whole population; Circle symbol: Male cohort; Up-triangle symbol: Female cohort.</p

Hypertension and blood pressure progression incidences within different Hcy quartiles.

<p>Hypertension and blood pressure progression incidences within different Hcy quartiles.</p

Incidence of hypertension within different Hcy quartiles.

<p>Black bar: Whole population; Dark gray bar: Male cohort; Light grey bar: Female cohort.</p

Blood pressure progression incidences within different Hcy quartiles.

<p>Black bar: Whole population; Dark gray bar: Male cohort; Light grey bar: Female cohort.</p