52 research outputs found
Applications of Tao General Difference in Discrete Domain
Numerical difference computation is one of the cores and indispensable in the
modern digital era. Tao general difference (TGD) is a novel theory and approach
to difference computation for discrete sequences and arrays in multidimensional
space. Built on the solid theoretical foundation of the general difference in a
finite interval, the TGD operators demonstrate exceptional signal processing
capabilities in real-world applications. A novel smoothness property of a
sequence is defined on the first- and second TGD. This property is used to
denoise one-dimensional signals, where the noise is the non-smooth points in
the sequence. Meanwhile, the center of the gradient in a finite interval can be
accurately location via TGD calculation. This solves a traditional challenge in
computer vision, which is the precise localization of image edges with noise
robustness. Furthermore, the power of TGD operators extends to spatio-temporal
edge detection in three-dimensional arrays, enabling the identification of
kinetic edges in video data. These diverse applications highlight the
properties of TGD in discrete domain and the significant promise of TGD for the
computation across signal processing, image analysis, and video analytic.Comment: This paper is the application part of the paper "Tao General
Differential and Difference: Theory and Application". The theory part of the
paper is renamed as "A Theory of General Difference in Continuous and
Discrete Domain", which is Arxived in arXiv:2305.08098v
Towards All-around Knowledge Transferring: Learning From Task-irrelevant Labels
Deep neural models have hitherto achieved significant performances on
numerous classification tasks, but meanwhile require sufficient manually
annotated data. Since it is extremely time-consuming and expensive to annotate
adequate data for each classification task, learning an empirically effective
model with generalization on small dataset has received increased attention.
Existing efforts mainly focus on transferring task-relevant knowledge from
other similar data to tackle the issue. These approaches have yielded
remarkable improvements, yet neglecting the fact that the task-irrelevant
features could bring out massive negative transfer effects. To date, no
large-scale studies have been performed to investigate the impact of
task-irrelevant features, let alone the utilization of this kind of features.
In this paper, we firstly propose Task-Irrelevant Transfer Learning (TIRTL) to
exploit task-irrelevant features, which mainly are extracted from
task-irrelevant labels. Particularly, we suppress the expression of
task-irrelevant information and facilitate the learning process of
classification. We also provide a theoretical explanation of our method. In
addition, TIRTL does not conflict with those that have previously exploited
task-relevant knowledge and can be well combined to enable the simultaneous
utilization of task-relevant and task-irrelevant features for the first time.
In order to verify the effectiveness of our theory and method, we conduct
extensive experiments on facial expression recognition and digit recognition
tasks. Our source code will be also available in the future for
reproducibility
Learning Purified Feature Representations from Task-irrelevant Labels
Learning an empirically effective model with generalization using limited
data is a challenging task for deep neural networks. In this paper, we propose
a novel learning framework called PurifiedLearning to exploit task-irrelevant
features extracted from task-irrelevant labels when training models on
small-scale datasets. Particularly, we purify feature representations by using
the expression of task-irrelevant information, thus facilitating the learning
process of classification. Our work is built on solid theoretical analysis and
extensive experiments, which demonstrate the effectiveness of PurifiedLearning.
According to the theory we proved, PurifiedLearning is model-agnostic and
doesn't have any restrictions on the model needed, so it can be combined with
any existing deep neural networks with ease to achieve better performance. The
source code of this paper will be available in the future for reproducibility.Comment: arXiv admin note: substantial text overlap with arXiv:2011.0847
Automatic Context Pattern Generation for Entity Set Expansion
Entity Set Expansion (ESE) is a valuable task that aims to find entities of
the target semantic class described by given seed entities. Various NLP and IR
downstream applications have benefited from ESE due to its ability to discover
knowledge. Although existing bootstrapping methods have achieved great
progress, most of them still rely on manually pre-defined context patterns. A
non-negligible shortcoming of the pre-defined context patterns is that they
cannot be flexibly generalized to all kinds of semantic classes, and we call
this phenomenon as "semantic sensitivity". To address this problem, we devise a
context pattern generation module that utilizes autoregressive language models
(e.g., GPT-2) to automatically generate high-quality context patterns for
entities. In addition, we propose the GAPA, a novel ESE framework that
leverages the aforementioned GenerAted PAtterns to expand target entities.
Extensive experiments and detailed analyses on three widely used datasets
demonstrate the effectiveness of our method. All the codes of our experiments
will be available for reproducibility.Comment: This work has been submitted to the IEEE for possible publication.
Copyright may be transferred without notice, after which this version may no
longer be accessibl
Coenzyme Q deficiency may predispose to sudden unexplained death via an increased risk of cardiac arrhythmia
Cardiac arrhythmia is currently considered to be the direct cause of death in a majority of sudden unexplained death (SUD) cases, yet the genetic predisposition and corresponding endophenotypes contributing to SUD remain incompletely understood. In this study, we aimed to investigate the involvement of Coenzyme Q (CoQ) deficiency in SUD. First, we re-analyzed the exome sequencing data of 45 SUD and 151 sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) cases from our previous studies, focusing on previously overlooked genetic variants in 44 human CoQ deficiency-related genes. A considerable proportion of the SUD (38%) and SIDS (37%) cases were found to harbor rare variants with likely functional effects. Subsequent burden testing, including all rare exonic and untranslated region variants identified in our case cohorts, further confirmed the existence of significant genetic burden. Based on the genetic findings, the influence of CoQ deficiency on electrophysiological and morphological properties was further examined in a mouse model. A significantly prolonged PR interval and an increased occurrence of atrioventricular block were observed in the 4-nitrobenzoate induced CoQ deficiency mouse group, suggesting that CoQ deficiency may predispose individuals to sudden death through an increased risk of cardiac arrhythmia. Overall, our findings suggest that CoQ deficiency-related genes should also be considered in the molecular autopsy of SUD
A clinical evaluation of amlexanox oral adhesive pellicles in the treatment of recurrent aphthous stomatitis and comparison with amlexanox oral tablets: a randomized, placebo controlled, blinded, multicenter clinical trial
<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Amlexanox has been developed as a 5 percent topical oral paste for the treatment of patients with recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS) in most European countries. However, it is not yet available in China and has not been generally accepted in clinical treatment. The aim of this study was to explore the effectiveness of amlexanox oral adhesive pellicles in the treatment of minor recurrent aphthous ulcers, and compare the results with those of amlexanox oral adhesive tablets in order to analyse the difference between the two dosage forms of amlexanox.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>We performed a randomized, blinded, placebo-controlled, parallel, multicenter clinical study. A total of 216 patients with minor recurrent aphthous ulcers (MiRAU) were recruited and randomized to amlexanox pellicles or placebo pellicles. Pellicles were consecutively applied four times per day, for five days. The size and pain level of ulcers were measured and recorded on treatment days 0, 4 and 6. Finally, the results were compared with those of our previous 104 cases treated with amlexanox tablets.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Amlexanox oral adhesive pellicles significantly reduced ulcer size (P= 0.017 for day 4, P=0.038 for day 6) and alleviated ulcer pain (P=0.021 for day 4, P=0.036 for day 6). No significant difference was observed in the treatment effectiveness between the pellicle and tablet form of amlexanox.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>Amlexanox oral adhesive pellicles are as effective and safe as amlexanox oral adhesive tablets in the treatment of MiRAU for this Chinese cohort. However, pellicles seem to be more comfortable to use when compared with the dosage form of tablets. Therefore, in clinical practice, amlexanox oral adhesive pellicles may be a better choice for RAS patients.</p> <p>Trials registration</p> <p>Nederlands Trial Register NTR1727.</p
Baichuan 2: Open Large-scale Language Models
Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable performance on a
variety of natural language tasks based on just a few examples of natural
language instructions, reducing the need for extensive feature engineering.
However, most powerful LLMs are closed-source or limited in their capability
for languages other than English. In this technical report, we present Baichuan
2, a series of large-scale multilingual language models containing 7 billion
and 13 billion parameters, trained from scratch, on 2.6 trillion tokens.
Baichuan 2 matches or outperforms other open-source models of similar size on
public benchmarks like MMLU, CMMLU, GSM8K, and HumanEval. Furthermore, Baichuan
2 excels in vertical domains such as medicine and law. We will release all
pre-training model checkpoints to benefit the research community in better
understanding the training dynamics of Baichuan 2.Comment: Baichuan 2 technical report. Github:
https://github.com/baichuan-inc/Baichuan
Spatially restricted drivers and transitional cell populations cooperate with the microenvironment in untreated and chemo-resistant pancreatic cancer
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma is a lethal disease with limited treatment options and poor survival. We studied 83 spatial samples from 31 patients (11 treatment-naïve and 20 treated) using single-cell/nucleus RNA sequencing, bulk-proteogenomics, spatial transcriptomics and cellular imaging. Subpopulations of tumor cells exhibited signatures of proliferation, KRAS signaling, cell stress and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. Mapping mutations and copy number events distinguished tumor populations from normal and transitional cells, including acinar-to-ductal metaplasia and pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia. Pathology-assisted deconvolution of spatial transcriptomic data identified tumor and transitional subpopulations with distinct histological features. We showed coordinated expression of TIGIT in exhausted and regulatory T cells and Nectin in tumor cells. Chemo-resistant samples contain a threefold enrichment of inflammatory cancer-associated fibroblasts that upregulate metallothioneins. Our study reveals a deeper understanding of the intricate substructure of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma tumors that could help improve therapy for patients with this disease
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