Does gender matter for public spending? Empirical evidence from Italian municipalities.

This paper studies whether municipal expenditure in Italy is influenced by female representation in city councils. To correctly capture the causal relation we use the instrumental variable technique. Our instrument is based on a temporary change in the Italian normative occurred between 1993 and 1995 that reserved a gender quota in party lists for municipal elections, causing an exogenous change in the number of women elected in city councils. We take advantage of the fact that not all the municipalities have been treated by the law, due to its short period of enforcement. Despite the existence of gender specific preferences in the society, we find no evidence that the allocation of resources among different spending categories is affected by the gender of politicians. Our results are consistent with the Median voter theorem. Alternatively, they may suggest that the gender is not a determinant of politicians’ voting behaviour, implying that the preferences of the women involved in political activities are close to those of their male colleagues.gender, political representation, municipal expenditure

Linear Response for a Family of Self-Consistent Transfer Operators

We study a system of all-to-all weakly coupled uniformly expanding circle maps in the thermodynamic limit. The state of the system is described by a probability measure and its evolution is given by the action of a nonlinear operator, also called a self-consistent transfer operator. We prove that when the coupling is sufficiently small, the system has a unique stable state that satisfies a linear response formula when varying the coupling strength.Comment: Electronic copy of final peer-reviewed manuscript accepted for publicatio

Observation of subdiffusion of a disordered interacting system

We study the transport dynamics of matter-waves in the presence of disorder and nonlinearity. An atomic Bose-Einstein condensate that is localized in a quasiperiodic lattice in the absence of atom-atom interaction shows instead a slow expansion with a subdiffusive behavior when a controlled repulsive interaction is added. The measured features of the subdiffusion are compared to numerical simulations and a heuristic model. The observations confirm the nature of subdiffusion as interaction-assisted hopping between localized states and highlight a role of the spatial correlation of the disorder.Comment: 8 pages, to be published on Physical Review Letter

Robustness of ergodic properties of non-autonomous piecewise expanding maps

Recently, there has been an increasing interest in non-autonomous composition of perturbed hyperbolic systems: composing perturbations of a given hyperbolic map results in statistical behaviour close to that of . We show this fact in the case of piecewise regular expanding maps. In particular, we impose conditions on perturbations of this class of maps that include situations slightly more general than what has been considered so far, and prove that these are stochastically stable in the usual sense. We then prove that the evolution of a given distribution of mass under composition of time-dependent perturbations (arbitrarily—rather than randomly—chosen at each step) close to a given map remains close to the invariant mass distribution of . Moreover, for almost every point, Birkhoff averages along trajectories do not fluctuate wildly. This result complements recent results on memory loss for non-autonomous dynamical systems

The Okun Misery Index in the European Union Countries from 2000 to 2009

The study is composed of four main parts and a summary. The first part, introduction, discusses various measures of the economic system's efficiency that are used in practice. Part two emphasises that the GDP per capita according to purchasing power parity still remains the most popular among those measures. Further, it presents the ranking of the European Union countries taking that measure into account, the research period being 1999-2009. Part three points out that it is also the level of poverty (misery) that determines the economic system's efficiency. That level can be measured by means of various indicators, among others, the so called HPI-2 index calculated by the UN. It will be the Okun misery index, however, computed as the sum of inflation and unemployment rates that will be presented as an alternative being of interest from the macroeconomic point of view. The ranking of the European Union member states according to that measure in the 2000-2004 and 2005-2009 periods will be provided in part four. The article will end in a summary containing synthetic conclusions drawn from earlier observations.Opracowanie składa się z czterech części zasadniczych i podsumowania. W punkcie pierwszym omówiono różnorodne mierniki sprawności systemu gospodarczego wykorzystywane w praktyce. W części drugiej podkreślono, iż nadal najpopularniejszym z nich jest PKB per capita według parytetu siły nabywczej. Zgodnie z tym miernikiem przedstawiono ranking państw Unii Europejskiej w latach 1999-2009. W punkcie trzecim podkreślono, że o sprawności systemu gospodarczego decyduje także poziom ubóstwa. Może być on mierzony różnymi wskaźnikami, m.in. tzw. indeksem HPI-2 obliczanym przez ONZ. Jako ciekawą z makroekonomicznego punktu widzenia alternatywę ukazano jednak miarę wskaźnika ubóstwa Okuna obliczanego poprzez zsumowanie stopy inflacji i stopy bezrobocia. Ranking państw Unii Europejskiej według tej miary w okresach 2000-2004 oraz 2005-2009 zaprezentowano w części czwartej. Całość zamknięto podsumowaniem, w którym zawarto syntetyczne wnioski z przeprowadzonych obserwacji

Revealing dynamics, communities and criticality from data

Complex systems such as ecological communities and neuron networks are essential parts of our everyday lives. These systems are composed of units which interact through intricate networks. The ability to predict sudden changes in the dynamics of these networks, known as critical transitions, from data is important to avert disastrous consequences of major disruptions. Predicting such changes is a major challenge as it requires forecasting the behaviour for parameter ranges for which no data on the system is available. We address this issue for networks with weak individual interactions and chaotic local dynamics. We do this by building a model network, termed an {}, consisting of the underlying local dynamics and a statistical description of their interactions. We show that behaviour of such networks can be decomposed in terms of an emergent deterministic component and a {} term. Traditionally, such fluctuations are filtered out. However, as we show, they are key to accessing the interaction structure. { We illustrate this approach on synthetic time-series of realistic neuronal interaction networks of the cat cerebral cortex and on experimental multivariate data of optoelectronic oscillators. } We reconstruct the community structure by analysing the stochastic fluctuations generated by the network and predict critical transitions for coupling parameters outside the observed range

Damage Evolution in Quasi-Brittle Materials: Experimental Analysis by AE and Numerical Simulation

This work investigates the extension of a total-collapse prediction method to include local failures in quasi-brittle materials as they undergo damage processes. The analysis is experimentally conducted with acoustic emission data from a basalt specimen under a prescribed displacement loading test. The proposed failure index is compared with the well-established b-value to evaluate its usefulness; the simulation results are also used to further investigations. In particular, the simulations show that the parameter calculation can be carried out by indirectly estimating the elastic energy released within the system throughout the damage process, which cannot be measured directly. It is concluded that the proposed method is valid, consistently outperforming the b-value as a failure precursor throughout the experimental studies

Quantum diffusion with disorder, noise and interaction

Disorder, noise and interaction play a crucial role in the transport properties of real systems, but they are typically hard to control and study both theoretically and experimentally, especially in the quantum case. Here we explore a paradigmatic problem, the diffusion of a wavepacket, by employing ultra-cold atoms in a disordered lattice with controlled noise and tunable interaction. The presence of disorder leads to Anderson localization, while both interaction and noise tend to suppress localization and restore transport, although with completely different mechanisms. When only noise or interaction are present we observe a diffusion dynamics that can be explained by existing microscopic models. When noise and interaction are combined, we observe instead a complex anomalous diffusion. By combining experimental measurements with numerical simulations, we show that such anomalous behavior can be modeled with a generalized diffusion equation, in which the noise- and interaction-induced diffusions enter in an additive manner. Our study reveals also a more complex interplay between the two diffusion mechanisms in regimes of strong interaction or narrowband noise.Comment: 11 pages, 10 figure