Life after COVID-19 outbreak: Expectations and thoughts

The occurrence of the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic presents an unparalleled health enlightenment challenge. It’s extremely contagious and erratically lethal, and the pervasiveness of asymptomatic prevalence makes it difficult to contain. All infectious disease epidemics rear ethical concerns, from the restraint of individual independence to triaging and resource provision. It seems that we did not take lessons from the preceding epidemics and were poorly prepared to pledge with the threat that COVID-19 epidemic has put forward. The COVID-19 epidemic highlighted the significance of this query to both pandemic preparation strategies and healthcare policies. As the outbreak turned out to be a global pandemic, there is an improved emphasis on finding answers for vaccine preparation, focusing on neglected diseases, more virome study, and research collaboration across the globe in the future, being key tools to resist infection spread in future. Decelerating the COVID-19 spread necessitates people to enthusiastically transform their lives and monitor the finest practices for social isolation and sanitation. This review provides an overview of future research perceptions and offers suggestions on how we can help people to believe in normal life and how this pandemic will strengthen the trade, affect the individual habits and values, revolution in primary health care after these uncertain situations.Keywords: COVID-19; Pandemic; Neglected diseases; Primary health; Virom

Soil Carbon Sequestration through Agronomic Management Practices

Improper soil and crop management practices have resulted in loss of soil carbon. Worldwide, about 1417 Pg of soil carbon is stored in first meter soil depth, while 456-Pg soil carbon is stored in above–below ground vegetation and dead organic matter. Healthy soils can be helpful in combating the climate change because soils having high organic matter can have higher CO2 sequestration potential. Main agronomic practices responsible for soil carbon loss include improper tillage operations, crop rotations, residue management, fertilization, and similarly no or less use of organic fertilizers that have resulted in the loss of soil organic matter in the form of CO2. The share of agriculture sector in the entire emissions of global GHGs in the form of CO2, N2O, and CH4 is about 25–30%. Studies have shown that by adapting proper tillage operations, the use of such kind of crop rotations that can improve soil organic matter and similarly the application of organic fertilizers, i.e., FYM, compost, and other organic amendments such as humic acid, vermicompost, etc., can be useful in soil carbon sequestration

Tillage, mulch and N fertilizer affect emissions of CO2 under the rain fed condition.

A two year (2010-2012) study was conducted to assess the effects of different agronomic management practices on the emissions of CO2 from a field of non-irrigated wheat planted on China's Loess Plateau. Management practices included four tillage methods i.e. T1: (chisel plow tillage), T2: (zero-tillage), T3: (rotary tillage) and T4: (mold board plow tillage), 2 mulch levels i.e., M0 (no corn residue mulch) and M1 (application of corn residue mulch) and 5 levels of N fertilizer (0, 80, 160, 240, 320 kg N/ha). A factorial experiment having a strip split-split arrangement, with tillage methods in the main plots, mulch levels in the sub plots and N-fertilizer levels in the sub-sub plots with three replicates, was used for this study. The CO2 data were recorded three times per week using a portable GXH-3010E1 gas analyzer. The highest CO2 emissions were recorded following rotary tillage, compared to the lowest emissions from the zero tillage planting method. The lowest emissions were recorded at the 160 kg N/ha, fertilizer level. Higher CO2 emissions were recorded during the cropping year 2010-11 relative to the year 2011-12. During cropping year 2010-11, applications of corn residue mulch significantly increased CO2 emissions in comparison to the non-mulched treatments, and during the year 2011-12, equal emissions were recorded for both types of mulch treatments. Higher CO2 emissions were recorded immediately after the tillage operations. Different environmental factors, i.e., rain, air temperatures, soil temperatures and soil moistures, had significant effects on the CO2 emissions. We conclude that conservation tillage practices, i.e., zero tillage, the use of corn residue mulch and optimum N fertilizer use, can reduce CO2 emissions, give better yields and provide environmentally friendly options

Total soil moisture contents (0–100 cm soil depth) as affected by different tillage methods, mulch kinds, and N fertilizer levels during two cropping years (2010–12).

<p>(A). Total soil moisture contents (0–100 cm soil depth) due to different tillage methods i.e. T₁, chisel plow tillage., T₂, zero tillage., T₃, rotary tillage and T₄, mold board plow tillage method., (B).Total soil moisture contents (0–100 cm soil depth) as affected by different tillage methods, different mulch kinds and different N fertilizer levels, during two cropping years (2010–12).(C), Total soil moisture contents (0–100 cm soil depth) as affected by different mulch kinds during the two cropping years (2010–12) i.e. M₀, no mulch and M₁, corn residue mulch., (D). Total soil moisture contents (0–100 cm soil depth) as affected by different N fertilizer levels, during two cropping years (2010–12) including, N₀, 0 kg N/ha., N₁, 80 kg N/ha, N₂, 160 kg N/ha., N₃, 240 kg N/ha and N₄, 320 kg N/ha., (*) Stage-1, (Crop sowing stage), Stage-2, (Crop revival stage), Stage-3, (Stem elongation stage), Stage-4, (Booting stage), Stage-5, (Grain formation stage) and Stage-6 (Crop harvesting stage).</p

Q10 values of the different treatments during the different cropping years (2010–12).

<p>N₀, 0 kg N/ha., N₁, 80 kg N/ha., N₂, 160 kg N/ha., N₃, 240 kg N/ha and N₄, 320 kg N/ha.</p

Monthly rainfalls, average temperatures and average relative humidity's of the study area during two wheat crop growing seasons (2010–12).

<p>(A).Rainfalls of the study area during two wheat crop growing seasons (2010–12), (B) Average temperatures of the study area during two wheat crop growing seasons (2010–12) (C) Average relative humidities of the study area during two wheat crop growing seasons (2010–12). (*). R.F-1, Rainfalls during cropping year 2010–11., R.F-2, rainfalls during cropping year 2011–12., Av.temp-1, Monthly average temperatures during the cropping year 2010–11., Av.temp-2, Monthly average temperatures during the cropping year 2011–12., R.H (%)-1, Average monthly relative humidities during the cropping year 2010–11., R.H (%)-2, Average monthly relative humidities during the cropping year 2011–12.</p

Changes in soil temperatures (0–5 cm depth) due to different tillage methods, corn residue mulch and N fertilizer levels during two cropping years (2010–12).

<p>(A). Changes in soil temperatures (0–5 cm depth) due to different tillage methods i.e. T₁, chisel plow tillage, T₂, zero tillage, T₃, rotary tillage and T₄, mold board plow tillage method., (B) Changes in soil temperatures (0–5 cm depth), as affected by different tillage methods, different mulch kinds and different N fertilizer levels during two cropping years (2010–12)., (C), Changes in soil temperatures (0–5 cm depth) during two cropping years (2010–12) due to different mulch kinds i.e. M₀, no mulch and M₁, corn residue mulch., (D). Changes in soil temperatures (0–5 cm depth) due to different N fertilizer levels during two cropping years (2010–12) including, N₀, 0 kg N/ha., N₁, 80 kg N/ha., N₂, 160 kg N/ha., N₃, 240 kg N/ha and N₄, 320 kg N/ha.</p

Total/mean emissions of CO₂ as affected by different tillage methods, mulch kinds, and N fertilizer levels during two cropping years (2010–12).

<p>(A).Emissions of CO₂ from different tillage methods i.e. T₁, chisel plow tillage., T₂, zero tillage.,T₃, rotary tillage and T₄., mold board plow tillage., (B). Total emissions of CO₂ as affected by different kinds of tillage methods, different kinds of mulch and different levels of N fertilizer, during two cropping years (2010–12)., (C), Emissions of CO₂ from the different mulch kinds i.e. M₀, no mulch and M₁, corn residue mulch., (D).Total/mean emissions of CO₂ as affected by different levels of N fertilizer, during two cropping years (2010–12) including, N₀, 0 kg N/ha., N₁, 80 kg N/ha., N₂,160 kg N/ha., N₃, 240 kg N/ha and N₄, 320 kg N/ha.</p

Q10 values of the different treatments during the different cropping years (2010–12).

<p>N₀+M_, 0 kg N/ha + corn residue mulch., N₁+M, 80 kg N/ha + corn residue mulch., N₂+M, 160 kg N/ha + corn residue mulch., N₃+M, 240 kg N/ha + corn residue mulch., N₄+M, 320 kg N/ha + corn residue mulch.</p