Factors associated with chronic kidney disease in patients with type 2 diabetes in Bangladesh

Diabetes and chronic kidney disease (CKD) are a major public health burden in low- and middle-income countries. This study aimed to explore factors associated with CKD in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) in Bangladesh. A cross-sectional study was conducted among 315 adults with T2D presenting at the outpatient department of Bangladesh Institute of Health Sciences (BIHS) hospital between July 2013 to December 2013. CKD was diagnosed based on the estimated glomerular filtration rate using the ‘Modification of Diet in Renal Disease’ equations and the presence of albu-minuria estimated by the albumin-to-creatinine ratio. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to determine the factors associated with CKD. The overall prevalence of CKD among patients with T2D was 21.3%. In the unadjusted model, factors associated with CKD included age 40–49 years (OR: 5.7, 95% CI: 1.3–25.4), age 50–59 years (7.0, 1.6–39), age ≥60 years (7.6, 1.7–34), being female (2.2, 1.2–3.8), being hypertensive (1.9, 1.1–3.5), and household income between 10,001 and 20,000 Bangladeshi taka, BDT (2.9, 1.0–8.2) compared with income ≤10,000 BDT. However, after ad-justment of other covariates, only the duration of hypertension and household income (10,001– 20,000 BDT) remained statistically significant. There is a need to implement policies and programs for early detection and management of hypertension and CKD in T2D patients in Bangladesh. © 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. **Please note that there are multiple authors for this article therefore only the name of the first 5 including Federation University Australia affiliate “Masudus Salehin” is provided in this record*

Factors Associated with Chronic Kidney Disease in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes in Bangladesh

Diabetes and chronic kidney disease (CKD) are a major public health burden in low- and middle-income countries. This study aimed to explore factors associated with CKD in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) in Bangladesh. A cross-sectional study was conducted among 315 adults with T2D presenting at the outpatient department of Bangladesh Institute of Health Sciences (BIHS) hospital between July 2013 to December 2013. CKD was diagnosed based on the estimated glomerular filtration rate using the ‘Modification of Diet in Renal Disease’ equations and the presence of albuminuria estimated by the albumin-to-creatinine ratio. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to determine the factors associated with CKD. The overall prevalence of CKD among patients with T2D was 21.3%. In the unadjusted model, factors associated with CKD included age 40–49 years (OR: 5.7, 95% CI: 1.3–25.4), age 50–59 years (7.0, 1.6–39), age ≥60 years (7.6, 1.7–34), being female (2.2, 1.2–3.8), being hypertensive (1.9, 1.1–3.5), and household income between 10,001 and 20,000 Bangladeshi taka, BDT (2.9, 1.0–8.2) compared with income ≤10,000 BDT. However, after adjustment of other covariates, only the duration of hypertension and household income (10,001–20,000 BDT) remained statistically significant. There is a need to implement policies and programs for early detection and management of hypertension and CKD in T2D patients in Bangladesh

Factors associated with low medication adherence in patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus attending a tertiary hospital in Bangladesh

Factors associated with low medication adherence in patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus attending a tertiary hospital in Banglades

Factors associated with low medication adherence in patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus attending a tertiary hospital in Bangladesh

Background: Adherence to prescribed medication is essential for glycemic controland to delay the onset of complications. However, information on medication adher-ence among patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus is sparse in Bangladesh. This study aimed to determine medication adherence and factors associated with low adherencein patients with Type 2 diabetes in Bangladesh.Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 500 consecutive patients withType 2 diabetes attending a tertiary hospital in Bangladesh between September 2013and July 2014. Data were collected on sociodemographic and clinical characteristics,medication use and adherence, and blood tests for glycated hemoglobin. Medicationadherence was assessed using the 8-item Morisky Medication Adherence Scale (scorerange 0–8), and a score < 6 was defined as low adherence. Multiple logistic regressionmodeling was used to investigate factors associated with low medication adherence.Results: The mean age ± standard deviation of the participants was 50.2 ± 10.2years (56.2% females). Overall, 42.8% (95% confidence interval (CI): 38.5–47.2) of participants reported low medication adherence with no differences by sex. Multiplelogistic regression analysis revealed that increased age was negatively associated withlow adherence (odds ratio: 0.97 [95% CI 0.95–0.99]). Patients who reported no familyhistory of diabetes had 55% higher odds of having low adherence (1.55 [1.05–2.30]),compared to their counterparts with a family history of diabetes.Conclusion: Almost half of the patients with Type 2 diabetes attending a tertiary hos-pital in Dhaka had suboptimal medication adherence. Innovative approaches targetingyoung patients and those with no family history of diabetes could improve medication adherence. Key words: Bangladesh, hypertension, medication adherence, tertiary hospital, Type 2 diabete