Proportion of dispersers reaching different cells for three modes of dispersal in a simple hypothetical situation.

<p>Panels (a), (b) and (c) are for passive dispersal, active dispersal without gap-avoidance, and active dispersal with gap-avoidance, respectively. Suitable habitat (<i>q</i> = 1) occurs within the dashed rectangles, whereas the remaining habitat is unsuitable (<i>q</i> = 0). The only source of propagules is the cell with a white star. The numbers above the maps give the proportion of propagules reaching the cells indicated by an empty diamond and square, which are located at equal distances from the source.</p

Map of the study area with the locations of the 15 sampling sites.

<p>Intact and degraded forests have been pooled here into just one forest type shown by the green color. White shows non-forest areas. Thick black lines show the boundary of the Ranomafana National Park (North) and Andringitra National Park (South). Forest cover modified from Hansen et al. [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0132126#pone.0132126.ref038" target="_blank">38</a>]. Site coordinates from Goodman and Razafindratsita [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0132126#pone.0132126.ref037" target="_blank">37</a>].</p

Proportion of dispersers reaching different cells for three modes of dispersal in a simple hypothetical situation.

<p>Panels (a), (b) and (c) are for passive dispersal, active dispersal without gap-avoidance, and active dispersal with gap-avoidance, respectively. Suitable habitat (<i>q</i> = 1) occurs within the dashed rectangles, whereas the remaining habitat is unsuitable (<i>q</i> = 0). The only source of propagules is the cell with a white star. The numbers above the maps give the proportion of propagules reaching the cells indicated by an empty diamond and square, which are located at equal distances from the source.</p

Species richness per site (vertical bars) and the average species richness per region (horizontal bars) for different taxa.

<p>The group R (light blue) includes sites in the Ranomafana National Park, the group C (pink) the corridor sites without Manambolo 1 and 2 (see <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0132126#pone.0132126.g001" target="_blank">Fig 1</a>), and the group A (cyan) includes Manambolo 1, 2, and the sites within the Andringitra National Park. For lemurs, A* denotes Manambolo 1, 2 and two sites in Andringitra.</p

Transient time to reach the Ranomafana park when only the Andringitra park is initially occupied.

<p>Black (red) lines show intact forest specialists without (with) regional stochasticity. Line types are as in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0132126#pone.0132126.g005" target="_blank">Fig 5</a>. Lines above ≥2000 (gray line) mean that the species persisted during the entire simulation period of 2000 years but did not reach the Ranomafana park. Lines that end with dots mean that the species went extinct for further loss of forest cover. The spatial scale of dispersal is <i>a</i> = 4 in panel (a) and <i>a</i> = 10 in panel (b). Colonization and extinction rate parameters are <i>c</i> = 0.2 and <i>e</i> = 0.1, and parameters for regional stochasticity are <i>μ</i> = 0, <i>σ</i>² = 1 and <i>w</i> = 1.</p

The observed forest cover in 2000 and 2012 and the predicted forest cover in 2038, 2064 and 2089.

<p>The rate of deforestation that was observed between 2000 and 2012 was assumed to continue to the future. The resolution of the map is 285 x 285 m. Black and green colors indicate intact and degraded forest, respectively.</p

MOESM1 of Spatial and temporal dynamics of malaria in Madagascar

Additional file 1. Incidence per year from 2000 to 2016

MOESM5 of Spatial and temporal dynamics of malaria in Madagascar

Additional file 5. Malaria clustering using the retrospective space-time analysis