Space, Representation and Practice in the Formation of Izmir During the Long Nineteenth Century

From elite decision-makers to sailors, migrants have long followed trade flows and contributed to the emergence of spatial and cultural patterns in port cities. Connecting the actual places of the port with the representation of these spaces and the practices of cosmopolitan port families, this contribution explores how the interactions of human actors (immigrants like the members of trading families) and non-human actors (such as buildings and industrial spaces, trade, economies) constructed a port city culture that is both generic and particular to each location. This contribution uses the historical depiction and transformation of Izmir, an ancient port city located on the western coastline of Turkey, as a case study to examine the feedback loops that produced and expanded port city spaces and cultures. Exploring the intersecting histories of the French Girauds and the British Whittalls, key merchant families who intermarried over generations, the article traces the spatial networks of their commercial activities, public service, social life, domestic practice, and cultural engagement during the long nineteenth century.Green Open Access added to TU Delft Institutional Repository 'You share, we take care!' - Taverne project https://www.openaccess.nl/en/you-share-we-take-care Otherwise as indicated in the copyright section: the publisher is the copyright holder of this work and the author uses the Dutch legislation to make this work public.History & Complexit

Space, Representation and Practice in the Formation of Izmir During the Long Nineteenth Century

From elite decision-makers to sailors, migrants have long followed trade flows and contributed to the emergence of spatial and cultural patterns in port cities. Connecting the actual places of the port with the representation of these spaces and the practices of cosmopolitan port families, this contribution explores how the interactions of human actors (immigrants like the members of trading families) and non-human actors (such as buildings and industrial spaces, trade, economies) constructed a port city culture that is both generic and particular to each location. This contribution uses the historical depiction and transformation of Izmir, an ancient port city located on the western coastline of Turkey, as a case study to examine the feedback loops that produced and expanded port city spaces and cultures. Exploring the intersecting histories of the French Girauds and the British Whittalls, key merchant families who intermarried over generations, the article traces the spatial networks of their commercial activities, public service, social life, domestic practice, and cultural engagement during the long nineteenth century

Planning Manuals as Tools for Modernization and Nation Building: The circulation of ideas through German-speaking architects and urban planners in Turkey, 1923-1950

In the early 20th century, the modern movement triggered the international circulation of knowledge through architects and urban planners. One mode of this dissemination was the invitation of French- and German-speaking architects and urban planners to build modern cities in foreign countries. A notable example was the case of Turkey. Between 1923 and 1950, a number of German-speaking architects and urban planners had considerable impact on the country’s built environment. During this period, German building manuals became tools for the dissemination of architectural ideas and consequently played a crucial role in modernization of the Turkish nation, founded in 1923. This paper investigates the function of the building manual in the process of nation building in the early republican period in Turkey. Through an analysis of key publications, including Camillo Sitte’s Der Städte-Bau nach seinen künstlerischen Grundsätzen; Reinhard Baumeister’s “Stadt-Erweiterungen in technischer, baupolizeilicher und wirthschaftlicher Beziehung”, Theodor Fischer’s Sechs Vorträge über Stadtbaukunst, the paper offers an analysis of the key figures and ideas involved in this process, and the relationship between architectural and political ideals that emerged through the manuals.The new Turkish Republic sought to establish itself as a modern nation that was distanced from the Ottoman Empire. The invitation of foreign experts to advise on the design and planning of Turkish cities was part of this modernization process: for example, Carl Christoph Lörcher was assigned to work on Ankara’s plan in 1924, Herman Jansen’s plan for Ankara came into effect in 1928. In addition to working directly with the government, these practitioners were also involved in the development of the Turkish architectural education system. Ernst Egli, for example, was assigned as a professor to Istanbul Fine Arts University in order to reshape the architecture programme. The influence of German architects continued during the Second World War. When the Nazis took power in 1933, a number of German professors began to work at the Turkish universities. German speaking professors also worked as practicing architects, such as Clemens Holzmeister, Martin Wagner, Hans Poelzig, Bruno Taut, Paul Bonatz, etc. These figures introduced key European ideas, including the Siedlung and the “Garden City”, in written and built form which subsequently influenced the production of Turkish manuals, and thus influenced the construction of the modern nation.The circulation of the ideas during this construction has been seen in several directions. The architects and urban planners were invited by the government, so that they carried their knowledge which is under influence of Sitte, Baumeister, Howard etc. Sitte’s 1889 dated book Der Städtebau nach seinen Künstlerischen Grundsätzen was translated in Turkish by Celal Esat Arseven in 1926; Kemali Soylemezoglu translated the lectures of Theodor Fischer Sechs Vorträge über Stadtbaukunst (1919) in 1941, 1942 and 1945 in the Turkish magazine called “Arkitekt”.100% ResearchHistory & Complexit

The Self-Control Cognition Questionnaire: Cognitions in the maintenance of unwanted habits

Item does not contain fulltextSelf-control cognitions arise right before or after someone gives in to an unwanted habit. This paper reports on the development of the 11-item Self-Control Cognition Questionnaire (SCCQ) in a series of three studies. In the first study (N = 308), we found that the SCCQ has a two-factor structure and is reliable. The factors were named "Giving way is rewarding" and "Resistance is impossible". The construct validity of the SCCQ was assessed in the second study (N = 138). As expected, the SCCQ correlated positively and strongly with the preoccupation with unwanted habits and with the experience of craving, and correlations with one's tendency to consider the long-term consequences of actions were small. The third study demonstrated that the SCCQ discriminates between patients with habit disorders (N = 63) and controls with non-pathological unwanted habits (N = 106). The SCCQ was sensitive to therapeutic change in two patient samples, one suffering from hair pulling disorder and the other from pathological skin picking. The SCCQ is applicable to unwanted habits in general, both pathological and non-pathological. It is proven to have sound psychometric properties and is suitable for use in practice.8 p

Oncological Safety and Potential Cost Savings of Routine vs Selective Histopathological Examination After Appendectomy: Results of the Multicenter, Prospective, Cross-Sectional FANCY Study

Objective: To investigate the oncological safety and potential cost savings of selective histopathological examination after appendectomy. Background: The necessity of routine histopathological examination after appendectomy has been questioned, but prospective studies investigating the safety of a selective policy are lacking. Methods: In this multicenter, prospective, cross-sectional study, inspection and palpation of the (meso)appendix was performed by the surgeon in patients with suspected appendicitis. The surgeon's opinion on additional value of histopathological examination was reported before sending all specimens to the pathologist. Main outcomes were the number of hypothetically missed appendiceal neoplasms with clinical consequences benefiting the patient (upper limit two-sided 95% confidence interval below 3:1000 considered oncologically safe) and potential cost savings after selective histopathological examination. Results: Seven thousand three hundred thirty-nine patients were included. After a selective policy, 4966/7339 (67.7%) specimens would have been refrained from histopathological examination. Appendiceal neoplasms with clinical consequences would have been missed in 22/4966 patients. In 5/22, residual disease was completely resected during additional surgery. Hence, an appendiceal neoplasm with clinical consequences benefiting the patient would have been missed in 1.01:1000 patients (upper limit 95% confidence interval 1.61:1000). In contrast, twice as many patients (10/22) would not have been exposed to potential harm due to re-resections without clear benefit, whereas consequences were neither beneficial nor harmful in the remaining seven. Estimated cost savings established by replacing routine for selective histopathological examination were 725,400 per 10,000 patients. Conclusions: Selective histopathological examination after appendectomy for suspected appendicitis is oncologically safe and will likely result in a reduction of pathologists' workload, less costs, and fewer re-resections without clear benefit