The Hypoxic Ischemic Encephalopathy Model of Perinatal Ischemia

Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy (HIE) is the consequence of systemic asphyxia occurring at birth. Twenty five percent of neonates with HIE develop severe and permanent neuropsychological sequelae, including mental retardation, cerebral palsy, and epilepsy. The outcomes of HIE are devastating and permanent, making it critical to identify and develop therapeutic strategies to reduce brain injury in newborns with HIE. To that end, the neonatal rat model for hypoxic-ischemic brain injury has been developed to model this human condition. The HIE model was first validated by Vannucci et al 1 and has since been extensively used to identify mechanisms of brain injury resulting from perinatal hypoxia-ischemia 2 and to test potential therapeutic interventions 3,4. The HIE model is a two step process and involves the ligation of the left common carotid artery followed by exposure to a hypoxic environment. Cerebral blood flow (CBF) in the hemisphere ipsilateral to the ligated carotid artery does not decrease because of the collateral blood flow via the circle of Willis; however with lower oxygen tension, the CBF in the ipsilateral hemisphere decreases significantly and results in unilateral ischemic injury. The use of 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) to stain and identify ischemic brain tissue was originally developed for adult models of rodent cerebral ischemia 5, and is used to evaluate the extent of cerebral infarctin at early time points up to 72 hours after the ischemic event 6. In this video, we demonstrate the hypoxic-ischemic injury model in postnatal rat brain and the evaluation of the infarct size using TTC staining

Characteristics of body composition in male students with inactive life

This study was made to find the characteristics of body composition, aerobic capacity, and grip strength in male students with inactive life. For the purpose above, we studied those of three groups; male students with inactive life, male students belonging to a college tennis club and male personnel with sedentary life. Body composition was estimated by a method of measuring skinfold thickness. Aerobic capacity was measured by carrying out submaximal work with Isopower Ergometer in a bicycle shape. The results were as follows 1) The indices of aerobic capacity represented well the usual exercise-levels by figures 2) LBM influenced aerobic capacity for inactive men without distinction of the two ages 3) As the value of LBM increased，all subjects had a tendency to put forth grip strength further 4) A positive correlation was found between LBM and BFM of. inactive students (Pく0.05) 5) Only inactive students had a significant correlation between aerobic capacity and BFM(P <0.05) From the above, we indicated that inactive students were in a poor state of exercise. As this result, for inactive students, BFM was found to be rather large, and aerobic capacity also was found to be on low level. Aerobic capacity, however, was within the permitted limit. Moreover, we could conclude the following: For the male students with inactive life, the function of BFM on cardiorespiratory system would be weight for providing them with a certain exercise intensity, not having a time for exercise in particular form. Thus it was considered that BFM has an effect on aerobic capacity

Body composition and three indices of physical fitness in freshmen: exercise is of no effect?

Grip strength. back strength, standing trunk flexion and skinfold thickness were measured on 314 freshmen (mean 18.6 years). Body composition was estimated by the method of measuring skinfold thickness. The subjects were asked whether they had belonged to athletic clubs in junior and/or senior high schools or not, and they were divided into four groups with regard to their answers. Of the groups, group A is composed of 94 students who belonged to athletic clubs both in junior and senior high schools and group B is composed of 117 students who did not. The values of groups A and B were compared. The results were as follows: 1) The mean value of fat storage rate (% fat) of all subjects was 21% and 44 per cent of them were judged to be obese. 2) The % fat of growp A was smaller than that of group B. 3) Group A indicated significantly bigger Lean Body Mass (LBM) and LBM/Height-index than group B (P < 0.01). 4) The grip strength and back strength of group A were significantly better than those of group B (P < 0.01). 5) There was no statistical difference in standing trunk flexion between groups A and B. From these results, it seems that exercise in adolescence keeps % fat small. promotes the development of muscle and enhances muscular strength

Inter-hemispheric somatosensory coherence and parental stress in hypersensitivity at 8 months old: An electroencephalography study

Kamiya C., Iwatani Y., Yoshimoto S., et al. Inter-hemispheric somatosensory coherence and parental stress in hypersensitivity at 8 months old: An electroencephalography study. Clinical Neurophysiology 163, 185 (2024); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2024.04.015.Objective: Infant hypersensitivity affects daily challenges and parental stress. Although the crucial role of tactile sensation in infants' brain function has been highlighted, hypersensitive infants and their families lack support. Electroencephalography may be useful for understanding hypersensitivity traits. We investigated the relationship between infant perceptual hypersensitivity and parental stress, somatosensory-evoked potential (SEP), and magnitude-squared coherence (MSC) in the general population. Methods: Infants aged 8 months (n = 63) were evaluated for hypersensitivity and parental stress using a questionnaire and for cortical activity using electroencephalography. Vibration stimuli were applied to the infant's left foot. SEP components that peaked around 150 ms (N2) and at 200 ms (P2) after stimulus onset were evaluated by amplitude and latency at the midline electrode (Cz) and MSC between the midline electrodes (C3–C4). Results: Parental stress was associated with infant hypersensitivity. The latency of Cz was delayed, and C3–C4 delta MSC was high in infants with hypersensitivity. Conclusions: Increasing inter-hemispheric MSC synchrony in the stimulated condition in infants with hypersensitivity suggested atypical somatosensory cortical function. Significance: These findings contribute to identifying, understanding the mechanisms of, and developing effective coping strategies for early-stage hypersensitivity

Septic Pulmonary Embolism Induced by Dental Infection

Dental infection can be an important source for septic pulmonary embolism (SPE), but only a few cases of SPE accompanying dental infection have been reported. The aim of this study was to characterize the clinical features of SPE induced by dental infection. Patients who fulfilled the diagnostic criteria described in the text were recruited in a retrospective fashion. All 9 patients were men, with a median age of 59 years (range:47 to 74 years). Eight patients had chest pain (88.9%), 5 had a preceding toothache (55.6%) and 3 had preceding gingival swelling (33.3%). Blood cultures obtained from 7 patients were negative. Periodontitis was found in all of the cases, periapical periodontitis in 5 cases, and gingival abscess in 3 cases. The median duration of hospitalization was 15 days, and symptoms were mild in some cases. In addition to antimicrobial therapy, tooth extraction was performed in 3 cases, tooth scaling in 6. SPE induced by dental infection has prominent clinical characteristics such as male preponderance, chest pain, preceding toothache, and mild clinical course

Laminin γ1 C-terminal Glu to Gln mutation induces early postimplantation lethality

Daiji Kiyozumi, Yukimasa Taniguchi, Itsuko Nakano, Junko Toga, Emiko Yagi, Hidetoshi Hasuwa, Masahito Ikawa, and Kiyotoshi Sekiguchi, "Laminin γ1 C-terminal Glu to Gln mutation induces early postimplantation lethality", Life Science Alliance, Vol.1, No.5, e201800064, Life Science Alliance, 201

Flow Cytometric Assessment of Neutrophil Oxidative Metabolism in Chronic Granulomatous Disease on Small Quantities of Whole Blood: Heterogeneity in Female Patients

A rapid and sensitive flow cytometric assay is presented for the quantitative estimation of the oxidative metabolic activity of individual polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) on less than 100 td of whole blood. This procedure is a simplified version using whole blood of the method of Bass et al (J. Immunol. 130:1910, 1983) that estimated the metabolic burst activity of phorbol myristate acetate (PMA)-stimulated individual PMN as the intracellular generation of a fluorescence product by a flow cytometric assay. With this method, almost all the PMN from normal subjects responded to PMA as a single cell population generating bright intracellular fluorescence. PMN from a boy with chronic granulomatous disease (CGD), could not respond to PMA with any increase of their fluorescence intensity. His mother had two distinct PMN populations one functionally normal and the other defective, indicating a random lyonization in the carrier mother and the X-linked recessive mode of inheritance. In two female patients with CGD from unrelated families, their PMN responded to PMA, as a whole, with a minimal increase in the fluorescence intensity, but the metabolic defects in their PMN were not so complete as seen in a classical X-linked CGD boy. But, PMN from two female sibling patients from the other family responded to PMA as a single uniform cell population with a weak but definite fluorescence intensity. However, the genetic background of these female patients with CGD remains unclear, since PMN dysfunction could not be identified in their mothers with this method.This work was supported in part by a grant (No. 58440046) from the Ministry of Education of Japan

Direct and indirect Transitions in (GaAs)_n/(AlAs)_n Superlattices with n=1-15

Proceedings of SPI

Prostaglandin D2-Mediated Microglia/Astrocyte Interaction Enhances Astrogliosis and Demyelination in twitcher

Prostaglandin (PG)