944 research outputs found
Are Large Language Models (LLMs) Good Social Predictors?
The prediction has served as a crucial scientific method in modern social
studies. With the recent advancement of Large Language Models (LLMs), efforts
have been made to leverage LLMs to predict the human features in social life,
such as presidential voting. These works suggest that LLMs are capable of
generating human-like responses. However, we find that the promising
performance achieved by previous studies is because of the existence of input
shortcut features to the response. In fact, by removing these shortcuts, the
performance is reduced dramatically. To further revisit the ability of LLMs, we
introduce a novel social prediction task, Soc-PRF Prediction, which utilizes
general features as input and simulates real-world social study settings. With
the comprehensive investigations on various LLMs, we reveal that LLMs cannot
work as expected on social prediction when given general input features without
shortcuts. We further investigate possible reasons for this phenomenon that
suggest potential ways to enhance LLMs for social prediction
Electrical conductivity adjustment for interface capacitive-like storage in sodium-ion battery
Sodium-ion battery (SIB) is significant for grid-scale energy storage. However, a large radius of Na ions raises the difficulties of ion intercalation, hindering the electrochemical performance during fast charge/discharge. Conventional strategies to promote rate performance focus on the optimization of ion diffusion. Improving interface capacitive-like storage by tuning the electrical conductivity of electrodes is also expected to combine the features of the high energy density of batteries and the high power density of capacitors. Inspired by this concept, an oxide-metal sandwich 3D-ordered macroporous architecture (3DOM) stands out as a superior anode candidate for high-rate SIBs. Taking Ni-TiO2 sandwich 3DOM as a proof-of-concept, anatase TiO2 delivers a reversible capacity of 233.3 mAh g^-1 in half-cells and 210.1 mAh g^-1 in full-cells after 100 cycles at 50 mA g^-1. At the high charge/discharge rate of 5000 mA g^-1, 104.4 mAh g^-1 in half-cells and 68 mAh g^-1 in full-cells can also be obtained with satisfying stability. In-depth analysis of electrochemical kinetics evidence that the dominated interface capacitive-like storage enables ultrafast uptaking and releasing of Na-ions. This understanding between electrical conductivity and rate performance of SIBs is expected to guild future design to realize effective energy storage
Source attack of decoy-state quantum key distribution using phase information
Quantum key distribution (QKD) utilizes the laws of quantum mechanics to
achieve information-theoretically secure key generation. This field is now
approaching the stage of commercialization, but many practical QKD systems
still suffer from security loopholes due to imperfect devices. In fact,
practical attacks have successfully been demonstrated. Fortunately, most of
them only exploit detection-side loopholes which are now closed by the recent
idea of measurement-device-independent QKD. On the other hand, little attention
is paid to the source which may still leave QKD systems insecure. In this work,
we propose and demonstrate an attack that exploits a source-side loophole
existing in qubit-based QKD systems using a weak coherent state source and
decoy states. Specifically, by implementing a linear-optics
unambiguous-state-discrimination measurement, we show that the security of a
system without phase randomization --- which is a step assumed in conventional
security analyses but sometimes neglected in practice --- can be compromised.
We conclude that implementing phase randomization is essential to the security
of decoy-state QKD systems under current security analyses.Comment: 12 pages, 5 figure
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