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Calcineurin B-Like Proteins CBL4 and CBL10 Mediate Two Independent Salt Tolerance Pathways in Arabidopsis.
In Arabidopsis, the salt overly sensitive (SOS) pathway, consisting of calcineurin B-like protein 4 (CBL4/SOS3), CBL-interacting protein kinase 24 (CIPK24/SOS2) and SOS1, has been well defined as a crucial mechanism to control cellular ion homoeostasis by extruding Na+ to the extracellular space, thus conferring salt tolerance in plants. CBL10 also plays a critical role in salt tolerance possibly by the activation of Na+ compartmentation into the vacuole. However, the functional relationship of the SOS and CBL10-regulated processes remains unclear. Here, we analyzed the genetic interaction between CBL4 and CBL10 and found that the cbl4 cbl10 double mutant was dramatically more sensitive to salt as compared to the cbl4 and cbl10 single mutants, suggesting that CBL4 and CBL10 each directs a different salt-tolerance pathway. Furthermore, the cbl4 cbl10 and cipk24 cbl10 double mutants were more sensitive than the cipk24 single mutant, suggesting that CBL10 directs a process involving CIPK24 and other partners different from the SOS pathway. Although the cbl4 cbl10, cipk24 cbl10, and sos1 cbl10 double mutants showed comparable salt-sensitive phenotype to sos1 at the whole plant level, they all accumulated much lower Na+ as compared to sos1 under high salt conditions, suggesting that CBL10 regulates additional unknown transport processes that play distinct roles from the SOS1 in Na+ homeostasis
DiffusionShield: A Watermark for Copyright Protection against Generative Diffusion Models
Recently, Generative Diffusion Models (GDMs) have showcased their remarkable
capabilities in learning and generating images. A large community of GDMs has
naturally emerged, further promoting the diversified applications of GDMs in
various fields. However, this unrestricted proliferation has raised serious
concerns about copyright protection. For example, artists including painters
and photographers are becoming increasingly concerned that GDMs could
effortlessly replicate their unique creative works without authorization. In
response to these challenges, we introduce a novel watermarking scheme,
DiffusionShield, tailored for GDMs. DiffusionShield protects images from
copyright infringement by GDMs through encoding the ownership information into
an imperceptible watermark and injecting it into the images. Its watermark can
be easily learned by GDMs and will be reproduced in their generated images. By
detecting the watermark from generated images, copyright infringement can be
exposed with evidence. Benefiting from the uniformity of the watermarks and the
joint optimization method, DiffusionShield ensures low distortion of the
original image, high watermark detection performance, and the ability to embed
lengthy messages. We conduct rigorous and comprehensive experiments to show the
effectiveness of DiffusionShield in defending against infringement by GDMs and
its superiority over traditional watermarking methods
A Robust Semantics-based Watermark for Large Language Model against Paraphrasing
Large language models (LLMs) have show great ability in various natural
language tasks. However, there are concerns that LLMs are possible to be used
improperly or even illegally. To prevent the malicious usage of LLMs, detecting
LLM-generated text becomes crucial in the deployment of LLM applications.
Watermarking is an effective strategy to detect the LLM-generated content by
encoding a pre-defined secret watermark to facilitate the detection process.
However, the majority of existing watermark methods leverage the simple hashes
of precedent tokens to partition vocabulary. Such watermark can be easily
eliminated by paraphrase and correspondingly the detection effectiveness will
be greatly compromised. Thus, to enhance the robustness against paraphrase, we
propose a semantics-based watermark framework SemaMark. It leverages the
semantics as an alternative to simple hashes of tokens since the paraphrase
will likely preserve the semantic meaning of the sentences. Comprehensive
experiments are conducted to demonstrate the effectiveness and robustness of
SemaMark under different paraphrases
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