KARAKTERISTIK BALITA PENDERITA PNEUMONIA BERDASARKAN FAKTOR RISIKO DI RSUD ABDUL WAHAB SJAHRANIE SAMARINDA TAHUN 2018

Pneumonia is an acute respiratory infection that affects the lung parenchyma, which is still the leading cause of children under-five mortality throughout the world. Age 1-24 months, low birth weight, and undernourished are the risk factors for pneumonia. The purpose of this study was to determine the description of the characteristics of children under-five patients with pneumonia in Abdul Wahab Sjahranie Hospital Samarinda, based on the risk factors. This research is a descriptive observational study. The samples of this study were all the pneumonia children under-five patients who were hospitalized at Abdul Wahab Sjahranie Hospital in January-December 2018, according to the characteristics of the sample set by the researchers, which were taken by purposive sampling technique. The data used were secondary data obtained from patient medical records, taken in June 2019 at the Medical Record Installation, Abdul Wahab Sjahranie Hospital. The number of samples obtained was 42 pneumonia patients. More children suffering from pneumonia were found in age 1-24 months  (78.6%), normal birth weight (61.9%), and undernourished (57.1%)

Detection and identification of mycobacteria in sputum from suspected tuberculosis patients

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Detection of Tuberculosis agent like nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) species by culture and microscopic methods remains difficult and time consuming. A fast and reliable diagnosis of tuberculosis would greatly improve the control of the disease. The purpose of this study is to compare the conventional multiplex PCR and multiplex PCR reverse cross blot hybridization assay to culture method in terms of mycobacteria species detection.</p> <p>Findings</p> <p>Among the 117 positively cultured samples, nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) species were found in 9 samples of multiplex PCR reverse cross blot hybridization assay; compared to only 3 NTM species found in our conventional multiplex PCR, and 13 NTM species were successfully identified among 162 negatively cultured samples compared to only 5 NTM species identification in conventional multiplex PCR results.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>The sensitivity of the multiplex PCR reverse cross blot hybridization assay comparing to culture method was 86.03%, the specificity is 35.46%, the positive predictive value was 41.94% and the negative predictive value was 82.41%. For conventional multiplex PCR these values are 81.62%, 38.65%, 41.89%, 79.51%, respectively. Furthermore, in terms of mycobacteria species detection, the conventional multiplex PCR was relatively equal compared to the multiplex PCR reverse cross blot hybridization assay, and to be particularly having no significant discrepant results on the identification of <it>Mycobacteria tuberculosis </it>in both methods.</p

Risk Factors of Typhoid Infection in the Indonesian Archipelago.

BACKGROUND: Knowledge of risk factors and their relative importance in different settings is essential to develop effective health education material for the prevention of typhoid. In this study, we examine the effect of household level and individual behavioural risk factors on the risk of typhoid in three Indonesian islands (Sulawesi, Kalimantan and Papua) in the Eastern Indonesian archipelago encompassing rural, peri-urban and urban areas. METHODS: We enrolled 933 patients above 10 years of age in a health facility-based case-control study between June 2010 and June 2011. Individuals suspected of typhoid were tested using the typhoid IgM lateral flow assay for the serodiagnosis of typhoid fever followed by blood culture testing. Cases and controls were defined post-recruitment: cases were individuals with a culture or serology positive result (n = 449); controls were individuals negative to both serology and culture, with or without a diagnosis other than typhoid (n = 484). Logistic regression was used to examine the effect of household level and individual level behavioural risk factors and we calculated the population attributable fraction (PAF) of removing each risk significant independent behavioural risk factor. RESULTS: Washing hands at critical moments of the day and washing hands with soap were strong independent protective factors for typhoid (OR = 0.38 95% CI 0.25 to 0.58 for each unit increase in hand washing frequency score with values between 0 = Never and 3 = Always; OR = 3.16 95% CI = 2.09 to 4.79 comparing washing hands with soap sometimes/never vs. often). These effects were independent of levels of access to water and sanitation. Up to two thirds of cases could be prevented by compliance to these practices (hand washing PAF = 66.8 95% CI 61.4 to 71.5; use of soap PAF = 61.9 95%CI 56.7 to 66.5). Eating food out in food stalls or restaurant was an important risk factor (OR = 6.9 95%CI 4.41 to 10.8 for every unit increase in frequency score). CONCLUSIONS: Major gains could potentially be achieved in reducing the incidence of typhoid by ensuring adherence to adequate hand-washing practices alone. This confirms that there is a pivotal role for 'software' related interventions to encourage behavior change and create demand for goods and services, alongside development of water and sanitation infrastructure

HUBUNGAN JARAK FKTP KE FKRTL DAN KETERSEDIAAN LABORATORIUM SATU ATAP TERHADAP RUJUKAN NON SPESIALISTIK DI FKTP KOTA SAMARINDA TAHUN 2020

Jaminan Kesehatan Nasional dibentuk oleh pemerintah agar seluruh masyarakat Indonesia dapat menerima pelayanan kesehatan. Pelayanan kesehatan dilakukan secara berjenjang dengan pelayanan pertama pada fasilitas kesehatan tingkat pertama (FKTP) sesuai dengan kompetensi dokter dan dapat dilakukan rujukan ke jenjang berikutnya jika sesuai dengan indikasi dilakukan rujuk. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan jarak FKTP ke fasilitas kesehatan rujukan tingkat lanjut (FKRTL) dan ketersediaan laboratorium satu atap terhadap rujukan non spesialistik di FKTP Kota Samarinda tahun 2020. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian analitik observasional. Populasi penelitian ini adalah FKTP Kota Samarinda yang bekerjasama dengan Badan Penyelenggara Jaminan Sosial Kesehatan (BPJS Kesehatan) dengan besar sampel 106 FKTP yang ditentukan menggunakan teknik purposive sampling. Data diperoleh dari data BPJS Kesehatan Kota Samarinda dan dianalisis menggunakan uji Chi-Square. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan tidak terdapat hubungan jarak FKTP ke FKRTL terhadap rujukan non spesialistik (p=0,451), tetapi terdapat hubungan ketersediaan laboratorium satu atap terhadap rujukan non spesialistik (p=0,012) di FKTP Kota Samarinda tahun 2020

PERBEDAAN NILAI RASIO NEUTROFIL-LIMFOSIT PRE DAN POST OPERASI CORONARY ARTERY BYPASS GRAFTING ON-PUMP TERHADAP KEJADIAN ACUTE KIDNEY INJURY DAN NON-ACUTE KIDNEY INJURY

Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) adalah sindrom kompleks yang ditandai dengan penurunan fungsi ginjal. Pada penelitian ini, rasio neutrofil-limfosit (RNL) yang tinggi dikaitkan dengan perkembangan AKI setelah Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting On-Pump (CABG on-pump). Penggunaan RNL sebagai parameter yang tersedia dengan mudah untuk mendeteksi pasien yang berisiko terkena AKI. Tujuan penelitian untuk mengetahui perbedaan nilai RNL pasca operasi CABG on-pump terhadap kejadian AKI dan Non-AKI. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian analitik dengan pendekatan cross sectional. Semua data klinis preoperative dan postoperative diambil sebagai data sekunder dari rekam medik pasien yang menjalani CABG di Rumah Sakit Umum Daerah Abdul Wahab Sjahranie (RSUD AWS) Samarinda periode Januari 2017-Desember 2020. Penelitian menggunakan uji statistik dengan Mann-Whitney dan Uji Regresi. Hasil penelitian ini ditemukan 41,1% dari 56 sampel mengalami AKI. Hasil didapatkan bahwa terdapat perbedaan nilai RNL pasca operasi pada sampel AKI dan Non-AKI dengan nilai p=0,008. Peningkatan RNL ≥ 10 kali risiko sebesar 6,352 kali lipat

Gambaran Pasien Papil Atropi Di RSUD Abdul Wahab Sjahranie Samarinda Tahun 2015-2020: Overview of Optic Atrophy Patients at Abdul Wahab Sjahranie Hospital, Samarinda in 2015-2020

Optic atrophy is the end process of a disease that causes degeneration of axons along the pathway to the lateral retinogeniculate bodies. Previous studies regarding the optic atrophy have had different results. This study was conducted to determine the description of optic atrophy patients at Abdul Wahab Sjahranie Hospital Samarinda in 2015-2020. This retrospective descriptive study was conducted in February 2021. Data were obtained from 64 patients who were taken by purposive sampling technique at Abdul Wahab Sjahranie Hospital, Samarinda. This study used a medical record sheet as a research source. This study found that the most common types of optic atrophy were secondary optic atrophy with 20 patients (83,3%). The highest age group of patients with optic atrophy was the 45-55 years group with 17 patients (26.6%). The most prevalent gender was male as many as 37 patients (57.8%). Eyes affected by optic atrophy were bilateral or both eyes with 34 patients (53,1%). Most of the patients with optic atrophy had visual acuity below 3/60 or experienced blindness with 44 eyes (67.7%). Eye disease was the most comorbid group with a total of 26 patients (35,1%). The most comorbidities were retrobulbar neuritis with 11 patients (14,9%). Keywords: optic atrophy, description, age, eyes Abstrak Papil atropi adalah proses akhir dari suatu penyakit yang menyebabkan degenerasi akson pada sepanjang jalur menuju badan retinogenikulatum lateralis. Penelitian sebelumnya mengenai gambaran papil atropi memiliki hasil yang berbeda. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui gambaran pasien papil atropi di RSUD Abdul Wahab Sjahranie Samarinda tahun 2015-2020. Penelitian ini bersifat desktiptif retrospektif yang dilakukan pada bulan Februari 2021. Data diperoleh dari 64 pasien yang diambil dengan teknik purposive sampling di RSUD Abdul Wahab Sjahranie Samarinda. Penelitian ini menggunakan lembar rekam medik sebagai sumber penelitian. Penelitian ini mendapatkan jenis papil atropi terbanyak adalah jenis papil atropi sekunder sebanyak 20 pasien (83,3%). Kelompok usia pasien papil atropi tertinggi adalah kelompok usia kelompok 45-55 tahun sebanyak 17 pasien (26,6%). Jenis kelamin terbanyak adalah laki-laki sebanyak 37 pasien (57,8%). Mata yang terkena papil atropi terbanyak adalah bilateral atau kedua mata sebanyak 34 pasien (53,1%). Tajam penglihatan pasien papil atropi terbanyak adalah tajam penglihatan dibawah 3/60 atau mengalami kebutaan sebanyak 44 mata (67,7%). Penyakit mata adalah kelompok penyakit penyerta terbanyak dengan jumlah sebanyak 26 pasien (35,1%). Penyakit penyerta terbanyak adalah neuritis retrobulbar sebanyak 11 pasien (14,9%). Kata Kunci: papil atropi, gambaran, usia, mat

Aktivitas Antimikroba Ekstrak Daun Karamunting (Melastoma malabathricum L.) Terhadap Bakteri Penyebab Diare

Diare hingga kini masih merupakan masalah kesehatan utama di Indonesia. Pemberian antibiotik merupakan salah satu upaya penatalaksanaan diare, namun belakangan terkendala masalah adanya resistensi terhadap antibiotik. Berdasarkan hal tersebut, maka upaya pencarian sumber antimikroba baru berbasis tumbuhan obat perlu dilakukan. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk menguji potensi ekstrak daun karamunting (Melastoma malabathricum L.) yang secara tradisional digunakan etnis Dayak sebagai obat diare. Aktivitas antimikroba ekstrak tumbuhan diuji terhadap 5 bakteri standar;&nbsp; Escherichia&nbsp; coli ATCC 35128, Shigella sonnei ATCC 25931, Campylobacter jejuni ATCC 33291, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 15442, dan Enterobacter cloacae ATCC13047. Pengukuran aktivitas antimikroba dilakukan dengan disc diffusion method (Kirby-Bauer) dan pengukuran minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan ekstrak daun M. malabathricum dapat menghambat pertumbuhan seluruh bakteri uji, dengan diameter zona hambat sebesar 12,3-16 mm dan MIC sebesar 2,3-13,3 mg/ml. Kesimpulan penelitian ini adalah ekstrak daun M. malabathricum berpotensi sebagai antidiare berdasarkan aktivitas antimikrobanya.&nbsp;&nbsp

POTENSI EKSTRAK ETANOL RIMPANG JERINGAU (Acorus calamus L.) SEBAGAI SPASMOLITIK

Pain due to smooth muscle stiffness can occur in various circumstances of patients, ranging from normal circumstances such as menstrual pain, to a pathological condition of gastrointestinal infections. To overcome the pain it can be given medication to reduce muscle stiffness as spasmolytics, but there are side effects of the drug. Thus, the need for developing new spasmolytics drugs based on medicinal herbs with fewer side effects. This study was conducted to examine the potential of rhizome extract of jeringau (Acorus calamus L.) that is traditionally used by Dayak tribe to heal upset stomach. Spasmolytic activity of plant extracts tested with isolates organ methods of guinea pig ileum induced by histamine. Result of the study showed 0.3 mg/ml A. calamus rhizomes extract could decrease ileum contraction better than papaverine 0.03 mg/ml (p=0.00). The conclusion of this study is rhizome extract of jeringau (A. calamus) has the potential to be used as spasmolytics in treatment of health problems caused by smooth muscle contractio

The Spatial Analysis of Extrapulmonary Tuberculosis Spreading and Its Interactions with Pulmonary Tuberculosis in Samarinda, East Kalimantan, Indonesia

Background: Extrapulmonary Tubercolosis (EPTB) is an infectious disease that affects tissue outside the lungs. EPTB patients cannot be source of infection, therefore the findings in the community indicate that there are still active pul- monary TB patients acting as a source of infection. Understanding distributions of EPTB can be used as indicator to individu- ate the unmonitored source of TB transmission in the community. Objectives: The aim of this study is to analyze EPTB using spatial modeling based on patients’ location. Methods: This study is an observational research with spatial analysis approach using SatScanv.9.4.4 and ArcGis v.10.4. Involving 46 samples of EPTB patients in Anatomy Pathology Laboratory of RSUD Abdul Wahab Sjahranie in 2017 and 7 pul- monary TB patients who were contacts of EPTB patients. The distribution of EPTB patients is mostly located in areas with high population density. Results: The results showed that the dis- tribution pattern of EPTB patients was mostly in areas with high population densi- ties. Space-time permutation model shows there are 3 clusters of EPTB with a 2.91, 0.97, 1.13 km radius centered on -0.504177 S/117.092132 E, -0.476895 S /117.141700 E, -0.517031 S/117.092132 E. Conclusion: The distribution of patients with EPTB and pulmonary TB indicates there is an interaction between EPTB and pulmonary TB in the cluster area. Bernoulli model shows that there is 1 cluster of EPTB and pulmonary TB with relative risk 5.29, radius of 3.19 km, and centered on - 0.458159 S / 117.149945 E