Cancer Chemoprevention by Citrus Pulp and Juices Containing High Amounts of β-Cryptoxanthin and Hesperidin

β-Cryptoxanthin, a carotenoid, and hesperidin, a flavonoid, possess inhibitory effects on carcinogenesis in several tissues. We recently have prepared a pulp (CHRP) and citrus juices (MJ2 and MJ5) from a satsuma mandarin (Citrus unshiu Mar.) juice (MJ). They contain high amounts of β-cryptoxanthin and hesperidin. We have demonstrated that CHRP and/or MJs inhibit chemically induced rat colon, rat tongue, and mouse lung tumorigenesis. Gavage with CHRP resulted in an increase of activities of detoxifying enzymes in the liver, colon, and tongue rats'. CHRP and MJs were also able to suppress the expression of proinflammatory cytokines and inflammatory enzymes in the target tissues. This paper describes the findings of our in vivo preclinical experiments to develop a strategy for cancer chemoprevention of colon, tongue, and lung neoplasms by use of CHRP and MJs

A comparison of information-searching activities before and after hypothesis formation

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A Developmental Study of Visual Fixation and Hypothesis Revision on the Concept Attainment Task

The present study was designed to investigate the developmental changes of the interaction between logical necessarity and psychological arbitrarity within the process of problem-solving. As indices of logical thinking, conservation level and eye movements were adopted. And at the same time, problem solving strategies were also analysed. The subjects were kindergarteners, second and fourth graders summing to 128, who were almost equal number of boys and girls. In the first session, conservation task was carried out. In the second session, the experiment of concept attainment and the recording of eye movements during then were administered. The main results were as follow. (1) Nonconservers showed almost equal number of fixations on each trial, a large number of hypothesis revision, almost equal number of fixation points on each hypothesis revision trial, and low percentage of Perfect Strategy System. (2) Conservers showed a different variance of the number of fixations from that of Nonconservers along with trials, significantly fewer hypothesis revision times, higher rate of emergences of Perfect Strategy System. While, there were no differences between Conservers and Nonconservers about the number of fixations at the hypothesis revision trials, and also about the percentage of hypothesis revision at the trial hypothesis should be revised logically. (3) The most prevailing number of fixation points at the hypothesis revision trials was 2 on all the conservation level (maximal number of fixation points was principically 4.). From the above results, the following statements were concluded. Generally speaking, the obligatory power upon actions that various informations logically possess is considerably weak. But concerns about conservers, the constructed hypothesis turns to dominate the eye movements. In spite of a large number of hypothesis revision, however, nonconsevers move eyes independently from their hypotheses