A Method to Extract the Structural Strata and Elements of Landscape Using GIS

Analyzing the landscape with using large three-dimensional database is well noted as the new method. In applying the method, the measure to divide the database into several densities of data to adjust many places and to analyze in mainframe computer is in need. The purpose of this study is to clarify the method of dividing spaces into structural layer, which can be measured in its quantity._ The theoretical method to extract the landscape elements by the distance from the viewpoint has been recognized by the previous studies, which based on the human phenomenon philosophy. However, the quantities of distance, which defines the space as a whole environment around viewpoint is not yet applicable for practical design. Because, the quantities have not been clearly found to apply to the real space since, feelings of distance varies by personal image. The cause of differences are due to some factors such as physical factors including the topography, the vegetation, and the building surroundings. Furthermore, there are other factors for example, psychological and social._ In this study, the physically caused distance definition is to be cleared through the method to extract the structural strata and the elements of landscape._ As an initial analysis, the angle of gaze from viewpoint, based on human engineering, the heights of the layers were examined and clearly found. The relationship between the eyesight and the angle of gaze are analyzed. Secondly, the continuity of figure from viewpoint are measured. It applied the fifty meters mesh digital map, the topographic vector data, the aerial photograph, and the building form vector data, to the Geographic Information System; the SIS and the ArcGIS. It proved that three scale of view; the close, the distance, and the background divides the real landscape. With this result, the method to extract the structural strata are found._ Preliminary, the methodsÕ application was tried to real spaces for further analysis. The results encouraged the analysis of physical quantity related with the human image including the time-space, and the relationship between the view and the other sense, which are under processes._

A Method to Extract the Structural Strata and Elements of Landscape Using GIS

Analyzing the landscape with using large three-dimensional database is well noted as the new method. In applying the method, the measure to divide the database into several densities of data to adjust many places and to analyze in mainframe computer is in need. The purpose of this study is to clarify the method of dividing spaces into structural layer, which can be measured in its quantity._ The theoretical method to extract the landscape elements by the distance from the viewpoint has been recognized by the previous studies, which based on the human phenomenon philosophy. However, the quantities of distance, which defines the space as a whole environment around viewpoint is not yet applicable for practical design. Because, the quantities have not been clearly found to apply to the real space since, feelings of distance varies by personal image. The cause of differences are due to some factors such as physical factors including the topography, the vegetation, and the building surroundings. Furthermore, there are other factors for example, psychological and social._ In this study, the physically caused distance definition is to be cleared through the method to extract the structural strata and the elements of landscape._ As an initial analysis, the angle of gaze from viewpoint, based on human engineering, the heights of the layers were examined and clearly found. The relationship between the eyesight and the angle of gaze are analyzed. Secondly, the continuity of figure from viewpoint are measured. It applied the fifty meters mesh digital map, the topographic vector data, the aerial photograph, and the building form vector data, to the Geographic Information System; the SIS and the ArcGIS. It proved that three scale of view; the close, the distance, and the background divides the real landscape. With this result, the method to extract the structural strata are found._ Preliminary, the methodsÕ application was tried to real spaces for further analysis. The results encouraged the analysis of physical quantity related with the human image including the time-space, and the relationship between the view and the other sense, which are under processes.

The Regional Resources and Tourism Development in Developing Countries- a Case Study of Salt and Karak, Jordan

The paper discusses the initial field surveys to understand the conditions of tourism development and its perspectives of contribution towards regional development in developing countries. The case studies of Salt and Karak cities in Jordan are focused, where some international aid projects are under implementation. It is believed some clues for sustainable tourism development for the regional development, which may be referred to other regions, can be extracted. The reasons of focusing on Jordanian cases are the increasing potential and demand of tourism development in Middle East and an accessibility of information of existing master plan and ongoing projects supported through the ODA by Japanese government. The interview survey of party concerned and field survey carried out in 2005. Both cities were established and perished in 19th century that they inherited the historical resources such as Ottoman architecture and religious ruins. However, as same as many other local cities in the world, contemporary changes in social system such as governance, transportation, economic activities, and demography forced them into decline. Therefore, they are straggling to keep their sustainability through tourism development. Yet, their tourism resources are neither popular nor equipped to attract mass tourism from all over the world such as Petra, Madaba, and Dead Sea. As the intention of the study is to focus on the impacts of tourism development in the regional development that those less advantaged and in need of revitalization areas are picked up for case studies. The study will preliminary applies the Strength, Weakness, Opportunities, and Threat (SWOT) analysis for assessing the cities. Based on the results of analysis, some positive factors of tourism development in the regional development will be discussed. The findings may includes some aspects of tourism development measures such as utilization of available tourism resources, application of renovation and re-routing of existing tourism resources in order to make use of available resources and creation of network among them, provision of technical assistance from the outside including international aid agencies and NGOs, participation and ownership building of local residents in tourism development activities, and involvement of existing training institutions in the area

Anesthetic management of a patient with methylmalonic acidemia : a case report

Background: Methylmalonic acidemia (MMA) is a metabolic disorder of organic acids and is characterized by the accumulation of methylmalonic acids. Case presentation: The patient was a 19-year-old female diagnosed with severe MMA at 3 days of age, who was scheduled for renal replacement therapy. Preoperatively, there was no evidence of metabolic acidosis or electrolyte abnormalities. Glucose was administered preoperatively following a 6-h fast. Anesthesia was administered using thiamylal, remifentanil, rocuronium, and sevoflurane. After tracheal intubation, the patient underwent an ultrasoundguided bilateral rectus sheath block with ropivacaine. A drop in blood sugar level was treated with 5% glucose. Extubation was performed after intravenous administration of sugammadex. Conclusions: We report the anesthetic management of a patient with MMA using a combination of general anesthesia and rectus sheath block

Ten-min prewarming for breast surgery

Purpose : We evaluated the effect of 10-min prewarming on core temperature maintenance during general anesthesia. Patients : We randomized 40 women scheduled for breast cancer surgery into 10-min Prewarming and Control groups. In the Prewarming group, a forced-air warming system was used to warm the patients at 43℃ for 10 min immediately before general anesthesia induction. In the Control group, the patients were kept warm using cotton thermal blankets for 10 min. We measured tympanic temperature every 15 min from anesthesia induction for 90 min. Findings : Since two patients deviated from the protocol, we used the data of 38 patients (Prewarming [n = 18] and Control [n = 20]). There was a significant between-group difference in changes in core temperature (P = 0.03), including a significant difference in core temperature decrease during the first 60 min from anesthesia induction (Prewarming : −0.3 [0.3] ℃ vs. Control : −0.6 [0.2] ℃, P = 0.02). In addition, the duration of normal core temperature maintenance was significantly longer in the Prewarming group (66 [34] min vs. 39 [32] min, P = 0.01). Conclusions : Ten-min prewarming decreases core temperature loss and contribute to maintaining normal core temperature during breast surgery

Comparison of hemodynamics during induction of general anesthesia with remimazolam and target-controlled propofol in middle-aged and elderly patients : a single-center, randomized, controlled trial

Background Remimazolam confers a lower risk of hypotension than propofol. However, no studies have compared the efficacy of remimazolam and propofol administered using target-controlled infusion (TCI). This study aimed to investigate hemodynamic effects of remimazolam and target-controlled propofol in middle-aged and elderly patients during the induction of anesthesia. Methods Forty adults aged 45–80 years with the American Society of Anesthesiologists Physical Status 1–2 were randomly assigned to remimazolam or propofol group (n = 20 each). Patients received either remimazolam (12 mg/kg/h) or propofol (3 μg/mL, TCI), along with remifentanil for inducing anesthesia. We recorded the blood pressure, heart rate (HR), and estimated continuous cardiac output (esCCO) using the pulse wave transit time. The primary outcome was the maximum change in mean arterial pressure (MAP) after induction. Secondary outcomes included changes in HR, cardiac output (CO), and stroke volume (SV). Results MAP decreased after induction of anesthesia in both groups, without significant differences between the groups (− 41.1 [16.4] mmHg and − 42.8 [10.8] mmHg in remimazolam and propofol groups, respectively; mean difference: 1.7 [95% confidence interval: − 8.2 to 4.9]; p = 0.613). Furthermore, HR, CO, and SV decreased after induction in both groups, without significant differences between the groups. Remimazolam group had significantly shorter time until loss of consciousness than propofol group (1.7 [0.7] min and 3.5 [1.7] min, respectively; p < 0.001). However, MAP, HR, CO, and SV were not significantly different between the groups despite adjusting time until loss of consciousness as a covariate. Seven (35%) and 11 (55%) patients in the remimazolam and propofol groups, respectively, experienced hypotension (MAP < 65 mmHg over 2.5 min), without significant differences between the groups (p = 0.341). Conclusions Hemodynamics were not significantly different between remimazolam and target-controlled propofol groups during induction of anesthesia. Thus, not only the choice but also the dose and usage of anesthetics are important for hemodynamic stability while inducing anesthesia. Clinicians should monitor hypotension while inducing anesthesia with remimazolam as well as propofol

Searching for gravitational wave echoes from black hole binary events in the third observing run of LIGO, Virgo, and KAGRA collaborations

Gravitational wave echo signals have been proposed as evidence for the modification of the spacetime structure near the classical event horizon. These signals are expected to occur after the mergers of compact binaries as a sequence of weak pulse-like signals. Some studies have shown evidence of the echo signals from several binary black hole merger events. On the other hand, the other studies have shown the low significance of such signals from various events in the first, second and third observing runs (O1, O2 and O3). Our previous study also shows the low significance of echo signals from events in O1 and O2, though, we observe that more than half of the events have p-value smaller than 0.1 when the simply modeled waveform is used for the analysis. Since there are only nine events appropriate for this analysis in O1 and O2, it is necessary to analyze more events to evaluate the significance statistically. In this study, we search for echo signals from binary black hole events observed during O3 operated by LIGO, Virgo and KAGRA collaborations. We perform the template-based search by using two different models for echo signal templates: simply modeled one and physically motivated one. Our results show that the distributions of p-values for all events analyzed in this study are consistent with the noise distribution. This means that no significant echo signals are found for both models from O3 events.Comment: 11 page