Evidence for line nodes in the energy gap of the overdoped Ba(Fe1−x_{1-x}Cox_{x})2_{2}As2_{2} from low-temperature specific heat measurements

Low-temperature specific heat (SH) is measured on Ba(Fe$_{1-x}$Co$_{x}$)$_2$As$_2$ single crystals in a wide doping region under different magnetic fields. For the overdoped sample, we find the clear evidence for the presence of $T^2$ term in the data, which is absent both for the underdoped and optimal doped samples, suggesting the presence of line nodes in the energy gap of the overdoped samples. Moreover, the field induced electron specific heat coefficient $\Delta\gamma(H)$ increases more quickly with the field for the overdoped sample than the underdoped and optimal doped ones, giving another support to our arguments. Our results suggest that the superconducting gap(s) in the present system may have different structures strongly depending on the doping regions.Comment: 5 pages, 4 figure

Renovation of “Earth Port” for Net-Zero Energy Building

A middle-sized office building (floor area : 5,645 m2), nicknamed “Earth Port,” was renovated with the intention of making it a ZEB (“net-zero energy building”) by 2030. As a first step, the following technologies were introduced. (1) Thermal network utilizing both solar heat and waste heat from gas cogeneration system (CGS) and gas engine driven heat pump (GHP) (2) Bright-feeling lighting system and other measures to utilize natural sunlight (3) Integrated power management system The thermal and lighting environments were measured and analyzed to investigate the indoor environment as well as detailed energy consumption data. Questionnaires for occupants were also conducted to know self-estimated productivity. The renovation resulted in a 37% reduction of primary energy consumption and a 45% reduction of CO2 emissions compared with the average for tenant-occupied office buildings (baseline)

The quantitative determination of volatile fatty acids in ensilage by counter current distribution apparatus

1,本実験において著者等は,Ensilage中のV.F.AsをPaper partition chromatographyとCounter current distribution法によつてそれぞれ定性と定量を行つた. 2.Paper partition chromatographyは一次元上昇法で行い,移動相としては水飽和n-Butanol(1% ammonia)を用いた. 3, Counter current distributionでは,移動相として水飽和n-Butanol,固定相としてn-Butanol飽和水を用いた. 1回の分配では80回の振盪を行い,49回の分配を行つた. 4,以上の方法でEnsilage中のV.F.As.は比較的に容易かつ正確に定性と定量が出来た. 5, Ensilage中のAcetic acidは0.7～1.3%の間にあつて,原料の種類或は品質の善し悪しには関連がない.しかしながらButyric acidはEnsilageの品質が悪いもの程その含量が多かつた. Red cloverで造つたEnsilageには少量のPropionic acidが含まれていたが,玉蜀黍を原料としたものには含まれていなかつた

Quantitative estimation of the straight chain volatile fatty acids by the column Partition chromatography

In 1948 PETERSON and JOHNSON minutely described the column partition chromatographic method for the separation and quantitative estimation of the volatile fatty acids. In this experiment the partition chromatograms we employed were prepared as follows. The column was consisted of glass tube packed with silica gel, 30 cm in length and 8mm in diameter. Water was used as stational phase and benzene, 1.2% butanol benzene, 5% butanol chloroform, 12% butanol chloroform and butanol as mobile phase. Recoveries of formic, acetic, propionic and butyric acid were 104%, 101%, 99% and 100% respectively. We tried in vain to estimate the valeric acid in the presence of the acids previously described

Surface Nanofabrication in Photosensitive Polymers at the diffraction limit of light and down to 47 nm by Metal Tip-Enhanced Near Field light : Light Induced Nanomovement of Polymers

This paper discusses surface nanofabrication in azo-polymers. Nanoscale polymer movement is induced by a tightly focused laser beam in an azo-polymer film just at the diffraction limit of light. The deformation pattern which is produced by photoisomerization of the azo dye is strongly dependent on the incident laser polarization and the longitudinal focus position of the laser beam along the optical axis. The anisotropic nanofluidity of the polymer film and the optical gradient force played important roles in the light induced polymer movement. We also explored the limits of the size of the photo-induced deformation, and we found that the deformation depends on the laser intensity and the exposure time. The smallest deformation size achieved was 200 nm in full width of half maximum; a value which is nearly equal to the size of the diffraction limited laser spot. Beyond the limit of light diffraction, a nano protrusion was optically induced on the surface of the films by metal tip enhanced near-filed illumination. A silver coated tip was located inside the diffraction limited spot of a focused laser beam (460 nm), and an enhanced near-field, with 30 nm light spot, was generated in the vicinity of the tip due to localized surface plasmons. The incident light intensity was carefully regulated to induce surface nanodeformation by such a near-field spot. A nano protrusion with 47 nm full width of half maximum and 7 nm height was induced with a resolution beyond the diffraction limit of the light. The protrusion occurs because the film is attracted towards the tip end during irradiation. At the top of the protrusion, an anisotropic nanomovement of the polymer occurs in a direction nearly parallel to the polarization of the incident light, and suggests the existence at the tip end of not only a longitudinal, i.e., along the tip long axis, but also a lateral component of the electric field of light. The azo-polymer film helps map the electric field in the close vicinity of the tip.This paper discusses surface nanofabrication in azo-polymers. Nanoscale polymer movement is induced by a tightly focused laser beam in an azo-polymer film just at the diffraction limit of light. The deformation pattern which is produced by photoisomerization of the azo dye is strongly dependent on the incident laser polarization and the longitudinal focus position of the laser beam along the optical axis. The anisotropic nanofluidity of the polymer film and the optical gradient force played important roles in the light induced polymer movement. We also explored the limits of the size of the photo-induced deformation, and we found that the deformation depends on the laser intensity and the exposure time. The smallest deformation size achieved was 200 nm in full width of half maximum; a value which is nearly equal to the size of the diffraction limited laser spot. Beyond the limit of light diffraction, a nano protrusion was optically induced on the surface of the films by metal tip enhanced near-filed illumination. A silver coated tip was located inside the diffraction limited spot of a focused laser beam (460 nm), and an enhanced near-field, with 30 nm light spot, was generated in the vicinity of the tip due to localized surface plasmons. The incident light intensity was carefully regulated to induce surface nanodeformation by such a near-field spot. A nano protrusion with 47 nm full width of half maximum and 7 nm height was induced with a resolution beyond the diffraction limit of the light. The protrusion occurs because the film is attracted towards the tip end during irradiation. At the top of the protrusion, an anisotropic nanomovement of the polymer occurs in a direction nearly parallel to the polarization of the incident light, and suggests the existence at the tip end of not only a longitudinal, i.e., along the tip long axis, but also a lateral component of the electric field of light. The azo-polymer film helps map the electric field in the close vicinity of the tip

Evaluating the index of panoramic X-ray image quality using K-means clustering method

Background A panoramic X-ray image is generally considered optimal when the occlusal plane is slightly arched, presenting with a gentle curve. However, the ideal angle of the occlusal plane has not been determined. This study provides a simple evaluation index for panoramic X-ray image quality, built using various image and cluster analyzes, which can be used as a training tool for radiological technologists and as a reference for image quality improvement. Results A reference panoramic X-ray image was acquired using a phantom with the Frankfurt plane positioned horizontally, centered in the middle, and frontal plane centered on the canine teeth. Other images with positioning errors were acquired with anteroposterior shifts, vertical rotations of the Frankfurt plane, and horizontal left/right rotations. The reference and positioning-error images were evaluated with the cross-correlation coefficients for the occlusal plane profile, left/right angle difference, peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR), and deformation vector fields (DVF). The results of the image analyzes were scored for positioning-error images using K-means clustering analysis. Next, we analyzed the correlations between the total score, cross-correlation analysis of the occlusal plane curves, left/right angle difference, PSNR, and DVF. In the scoring, the positioning-error images with the highest quality were the ones with posterior shifts of 1 mm. In the analysis of the correlations between each pair of results, the strongest correlations (r = 0.7–0.9) were between all combinations of PSNR, DVF, and total score. Conclusions The scoring of positioning-error images using K-means clustering analysis is a valid evaluation indicator of correct patient positioning for technologists in training

Objective evaluation method using multiple image analyses for panoramic radiography improvement

Introduction: In the standardization of panoramic radiography quality, the education and training of beginners on panoramic radiographic imaging are important. We evaluated the relationship between positioning error factors and multiple image analysis results for reproducible panoramic radiography. Material and methods: Using a panoramic radiography system and a dental phantom, reference images were acquired on the Frankfurt plane along the horizontal direction, midsagittal plane along the left-right direction, and for the canine on the forward-backward plane. Images with positioning errors were acquired with 1-5 mm shifts along the forward-backward direction and 2-10 degrees rotations along the horizontal (chin tipped high/low) and vertical (left-right side tilt) directions on the Frankfurt plane. The cross-correlation coefficient and angle difference of the occlusion congruent plane profile between the reference and positioning error images, peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR), and deformation vector value by deformable image registration were compared and evaluated. Results: The cross-correlation coefficients of the occlusal plane profiles showed the greatest change in the chin tipped high images and became negatively correlated from 6 degrees image rotation (r = -0.29). The angle difference tended to shift substantially with increasing positioning error, with an angle difference of 8.9 degrees for the 10 degrees chin tipped low image. The PSNR was above 30 dB only for images with a 1-mm backward shift. The positioning error owing to the vertical rotation was the largest for the deformation vector value. Conclusions: Multiple image analyses allow to determine factors contributing to positioning errors in panoramic radiography and may enable error correction. This study based on phantom imaging can support the education of beginners regarding panoramic radiography