Nasal carriage rate and antibiotic susceptibility pattern of <i>Neisseria meningitidis</i> in healthy Ethiopian children and adolescents: A cross-sectional study

<div><p>Background</p><p>Community nasal meningococcal carriage rates are high across Africa. Meningococcal infections are major causes of morbidity and mortality in the continent; especially among children and adolescents. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of nasal carriage and antibiotic susceptibilities of meningococcal isolates from healthy Ethiopian children and adolescents.</p><p>Method</p><p>A cross-sectional study was conducted in one of the sub-cities of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Nasal swabs were collected and processed for identification, serogrouping and testing susceptibilities for three antibiotics using standard microbiological techniques. Data on epidemiologic risk factors were collected using a structured questionnaire and the magnitude of their association with carriage was assessed using bivariate and multivariate analysis.</p><p>Result</p><p>A total of 240 samples were collected (115 from males and 125 from females). The mean age of study participants was 11.1 years. The prevalence of nasal carriage for <i>Neisseria meningitidis</i> was 20.4% (49/240). Carriage was significantly higher among children living under crowded conditions (OR 1.268; 95% CI: 1.186–1.355; p = 0.006). The predominant serogroups were W135–20/49 isolates (40.8%) and C—12/49 isolates (24.5%) and 83.7% of meningococci were sensitive for Ciprofloxacin. In contrast, isolates showed high resistance to Ceftriaxone (69.4%) while only 4.2% were sensitive for Penicillin. Multi-drug resistance was documented for 14.3% of the isolates.</p><p>Conclusions</p><p>Meningococcal carriage rate was found to be high with higher rates associated with children and adolescents living in crowded living conditions. Predominant isolates were of serogroup W135 and C and the isolates showed marked susceptibility to Ciprofloxacin and resistance to Ceftriaxone and Penicillin.</p></div

Socio-demographic and clinical characteristics of all participants.

<p>Socio-demographic and clinical characteristics of all participants.</p

Characteristics of the carrier population and characteristics of isolates.

<p>Characteristics of the carrier population and characteristics of isolates.</p

Antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of meningococcal isolates.

<p>Antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of meningococcal isolates.</p

Bivariate and multivariate analysis of risk factors for carriage among participants.

<p>Bivariate and multivariate analysis of risk factors for carriage among participants.</p

Additional file 1: of Impact of electronic medication reconciliation interventions on medication discrepancies at hospital transitions: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Search strategy employed in the electronic databases search (DOCX 16 kb

Additional file 1: of Short- and long-term outcomes in infective endocarditis patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Final excluded studies with reasons (1). Studies excluded from the systematic review and meta-analysis after full text (N = 26). This file contains list of studies that have been excluded during the literature review process due to lack of fulfilling the inclusion criteria into the systematic review and meta-analysis. (PDF 448 kb

Mycobacteria detection rate of various in vitro diagnostic methods applied to stool specimen from PTB patients.

<p>Mycobacteria detection rate of various in vitro diagnostic methods applied to stool specimen from PTB patients.</p

Comparison of mycobacteria detection rate of various in vitro diagnostic methods applied to stool specimen from PTB patients against sputum culture.

<p>Comparison of mycobacteria detection rate of various in vitro diagnostic methods applied to stool specimen from PTB patients against sputum culture.</p

S1 Fig -

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