22 research outputs found
Fluvial Geomorphology and Basin Development of Karra Khola Basin, Hetauda, Central Nepal
Geomorphological study of a basin is important for understanding theoverall basin characteristics which are helpful for the management of waterresources, construction along the river bank and natural hazard mitigationwithin the area. The study was carried out in the Karra Khola Basin, oneof the prominent basins in the Eastern extreme of the Hetauda Dun Valley,Central Nepal, to investigate geomorphic characteristics of the mainstream of the basin, categorize them into various stream types and studybasin development through drainage basin’s morphometric parameters.Geographical Information System (GIS) and Remote sensing techniquesusing satellite images were used as a tool to make the morphometricanalysis of the basin along with its major 13 sub-basin and delineate streamclassification following the Rosgen’s Level I hierarchical inventory. Themain stream of the Karra Khola is characterized as A-, B- and C-typeand the tributaries segments as B- and F-type. The basin is structurallyunaffected and has the permeable surface area and elongated shape. Thehypsometric analysis indicates that the basin is mostly at the old stage ofgeomorphic development while four out of 13 sub-basin being at maturestage. The Karra Khola sub-basin have higher risk to flash flooding(Lg=0.1-0.16km). Drainage density value reveals that the basin is highlysusceptible to flooding, gully erosion, etc. Similarly, dissection index valueimplies that the north eastern region of the basin is highly vulnerable toerosion as it at the younger stage of geomorphic development. Since thestudy area is highly sensitive to future natural hazards, further study andappropriate measures should be followed for safeguarding against thefuture risk along the Karra Khola basin and its tributaries
Physical Properties, Strength and Durability of Selected Rocks from the Central Nepal Lesser Himalaya, Malekhu River Area for Building Stones
Strength and durability are crucial factors for the selection of rocks for building stones. This paper focuses on the study and evaluation of rocks of the Lesser Himalaya based on their physical properties, strength and durability. Nine different sites were selected for sampling appropriate rock types for building stones. Physical properties such as water absorption value, dry density, bulk specific gravity, saturation coefficient, porosity were determined. For mechanical strength, point load test and for chemical properties acid immersion test, salt crystallization test, methylene blue adsorption test and ethylene glycol soak test were carried out. Rocks of quartzite, granite, marble and dolomite showed higher strength values whereas rocks of quartzite, amphibolite and augen gneiss showed lower strength value. However, in terms of durability almost all rocks showed promising results except for carbonate rocks, i.e., marble and dolomite. Therefore, marble and dolomite are suitable for only interior uses such as wall cladding and interior flooring. Granite, metasandstone and quartzite with spaced foliation are suitable for dimension stones for both exterior and interior uses. Augen gneiss, amphibolite and quartzite with low strength and high durability are suitable for interior use only. From the evaluation, most of rocks showed suitable results regarding durability test
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN FLUVIAL CLASTIC SEDIMENT AND SOURCE ROCK ABUNDANCE IN RAPTI RIVER BASIN OF CENTRAL NEPAL HIMALAYAS
Many tributaries from carbonate sedimentary, metamorphic and igneous rocks of the Lesser Himalayan and clastic sedimentary rocks of the Sub-Himalayan Ranges carry gravelly sediments to the Rapti River. River bar sediments were analyzed for composition and texture to evaluate downstream changes in properties, and to establish relationship between proportion of clasts and the abundance of rock types in the source areas. Percent quartzite clast or granite clast increases whereas that of carbonate, schist or slate decreases along downstream. The largest grain size decreases downstream, whereas fatness index and sphericity tend to increase. Despite of little diminish in relative abundance of rock types in source areas along the river, the relative proportion of corresponding clast type shows rapid reduction (e.g. slate or phyllite or carbonate clasts) or rapid enhancement (e.g. granite clast). The relationships of quartzite clast and schist clasts with their corresponding source rocks are statistically signifcant suggesting that these clasts can provide clue to source rock abundance. About 85 to 94% of the gravel clasts represent rock types of the Lesser Himalayan Range suggesting that this range has been contributing enormous amount of sediments.
Keywords: River sediment, gravel composition, Lesser Himalaya, Sub-Himalaya, Siwalik Range
Numerosos rÃos tributarios aportan sedimentos al rÃo Rapti, a partir de rocas sedimentarias carbonatadas, metamórfcas e Ãgneas en los Lesser Himalaya, y de rocas sedimentarias clásticas de la cordillera Sub-Himalaya. Se estudio la composición y textura de los sedimentos de barreras fuviales para evaluar los cambios durante el transporte y establecer la relación entre la proporción de clastos y la abundancia de las rocas en las áreas fuente. El porcentaje de clastos de cuarcita o granito se incrementa, mientras que los clastos de carbonatos, esquistos o pizarras decrece con respecto a la distancia de transporte. El tamaño de los clastos decrece corriente abajo, mientras que el Ãndice de aplastamiento y esfericidad tiende a incrementarse. No obstante, la poca disminución en la abundancia relativa de las rocas en las áreas fuente a lo largo del rÃo, la relativa proporción de los correspondientes clastos muestran una rápida reducción (clastos de pizarras o flitas o rocas carbonatadas) o un rápido incremento (clastos de granito). La relación de los clastos de cuarcita o esquistos con su correspondiente roca fuente son estadÃsticamente signifcativos, sugiriendo, que estos clastos pueden proveer la clave de la abundancia de estas rocas. Entre el 85 y 94% de los clastos de gravas representan tipos de roca de la cordillera Lesser Himalaya, sugiriendo que esta cordillera ha aportado enormes cantidades de sedimentos.
Palabras clave: sedimento fuvial, composición grava, Lesser Himalaya, Sub-Himalaya, Siwalik Range
 
PETROGRAPHY AND PROVENANCE OF THE SIWALIK GROUP SANDSTONES FROM THE MAIN BOUNDARY THRUST REGION, SAMARI RIVER AREA, CENTRAL NEPAL, SUB-HIMALAYA
The Siwalik Group is a thick sedimentary sequence forming the youngest mountain belt, extending throughout the East-West of the foothills of the Himalayas, and is separated from the Lesser Himalaya to the north by the Main Boundary Thrust, and the Indo-Gangetic Plain to the south by the Himalayan Frontal Thrust. The Siwalik Group was formerly the foreland basin sediment of the Himalayas. In this basin sediments were deposited during the Middle Miocene to the Early Pleistocene time by the major north to south fowing river system. Depending on the source rock lithology and tectonics, the sandstones of the Siwalik Group in different basins are found to vary in their composition and detrital constituents. The Siwalik Group in the Samari River area, Central Nepal is characterized by the exposure of the lower part of the Middle Siwalik Subgroup thrust over by the Lower Siwalik Subgroup. The sandstones of the Siwalik Group are mainly sublitharenite, lithic arenite and subarkose, and minorly feldspathic wacke. They are compositionally immature as Q/(F+L) is ≤ 2.0 and Qp/(F+L) is < 0.7. Biotite content of the Middle Siwalik sandstones (1.8%–10.6%) is higher compared to that of the Lower Siwalik sandstones (1.1%–8.5%), and refects a high-grade metamorphic rocks source during the Middle Siwalik sedimentation. Textural maturity of the Lower Siwalik sandstones is better compared to that of the Middle Siwalik sandstones. According to the QFL and QmFLt plots on ternary diagrams, the provenance was mainly recycled orogeny during the sedimentation of the Siwalik Groups, and the source rocks were shifted from the low-grade metamorphic rocks of the Lesser Himalaya to the high-grade rocks of the Higher Himalaya. The climatic setting during the deposition of the Lower and the Middle Siwaliks was humid to semi-humid.El Grupo Siwalik es una espesa secuencia sedimentaria que forma el cinturón montañoso más joven que se extiende de este a oeste por el piedemonte de Los Himalayas y que por el norte se separa del Himalaya Menor por el lÃmite principal de cabalgamiento y por la llanura Indo- Gangética y hacia el sur por el cabalgamiento frontal del Himalaya. El Grupo Siwalik anteriormente constituyó la cuenca sedimentaria de antepaÃs de Los Himalayas. En esta cuenca se depositaron los sedimentos durante el Mioceno medio hasta el Pleistoceno temprano a lo largo del principal sistema de rÃos con fujo norte – sur. Dependiendo de la tectónica y la litologÃa de la roca fuente, las areniscas del Grupo Siwalik varÃan en las distintas cuencas en cuanto su composición y constituyentes detrÃticos. En el área del rÃo Samar en Nepal Central, el Grupo Siwalik se caracteriza por la exposición de la parte inferior del Subgrupo Siwalik medio cabalgando sobre el Subgrupo del Siwalik inferior. Las areniscas del Grupo Siwalik son principalmente sublitarenitas arenitas lÃticas y subarcosas, con menor proporción de wacas feldespáticas. Estas son inmaduras composicionalmente con Q/(F+L) ≤ 2,0 y Qp/(F+L) < 0,7. El contenido de biotita de las areniscas del Siwalik medio (1,8% -10,6 %) el más alto en comparación con las del Siwalik inferior (1,1% -8,5 %) y refeja una roca fuente de metamórftas de alto grado durante la sedimentación del Siwalik medio. La madurez textural de las areniscas del Siwalik inferior es mejor comparado con las del Siwalik medio. De acuerdo con la representación en los diagramas ternarios de QFL y QmFL la procedencia fue principalmente de un orógeno reciclado durante la sedimentación de los grupos Siwalik, y las roca fuente varÃan desde rocas metamórfcas de bajo grado del Himalaya Menor hasta rocas de alto grado del Himalaya Alto. La confguración climática durante la deposición de Siwalik medio y bajo fue de húmedo a semi-húmedo
PETROGRAPHY AND PROVENANCE OF THE SIWALIK GROUP SANDSTONES FROM THE MAIN BOUNDARY THRUST REGION, SAMARI RIVER AREA, CENTRAL NEPAL, SUB-HIMALAYA
The Siwalik Group is a thick sedimentary sequence forming the youngest mountain belt, extending throughout the East-West of the foothills of the Himalayas, and is separated from the Lesser Himalaya to the north by the Main Boundary Thrust, and the Indo-Gangetic Plain to the south by the Himalayan Frontal Thrust. The Siwalik Group was formerly the foreland basin sediment of the Himalayas. In this basin sediments were deposited during the Middle Miocene to the Early Pleistocene time by the major north to south fowing river system. Depending on the source rock lithology and tectonics, the sandstones of the Siwalik Group in different basins are found to vary in their composition and detrital constituents. The Siwalik Group in the Samari River area, Central Nepal is characterized by the exposure of the lower part of the Middle Siwalik Subgroup thrust over by the Lower Siwalik Subgroup. The sandstones of the Siwalik Group are mainly sublitharenite, lithic arenite and subarkose, and minorly feldspathic wacke. They are compositionally immature as Q/(F+L) is ≤ 2.0 and Qp/(F+L) is < 0.7. Biotite content of the Middle Siwalik sandstones (1.8%–10.6%) is higher compared to that of the Lower Siwalik sandstones (1.1%–8.5%), and refects a high-grade metamorphic rocks source during the Middle Siwalik sedimentation. Textural maturity of the Lower Siwalik sandstones is better compared to that of the Middle Siwalik sandstones. According to the QFL and QmFLt plots on ternary diagrams, the provenance was mainly recycled orogeny during the sedimentation of the Siwalik Groups, and the source rocks were shifted from the low-grade metamorphic rocks of the Lesser Himalaya to the high-grade rocks of the Higher Himalaya. The climatic setting during the deposition of the Lower and the Middle Siwaliks was humid to semi-humid.El Grupo Siwalik es una espesa secuencia sedimentaria que forma el cinturón montañoso más joven que se extiende de este a oeste por el piedemonte de Los Himalayas y que por el norte se separa del Himalaya Menor por el lÃmite principal de cabalgamiento y por la llanura Indo- Gangética y hacia el sur por el cabalgamiento frontal del Himalaya. El Grupo Siwalik anteriormente constituyó la cuenca sedimentaria de antepaÃs de Los Himalayas. En esta cuenca se depositaron los sedimentos durante el Mioceno medio hasta el Pleistoceno temprano a lo largo del principal sistema de rÃos con fujo norte – sur. Dependiendo de la tectónica y la litologÃa de la roca fuente, las areniscas del Grupo Siwalik varÃan en las distintas cuencas en cuanto su composición y constituyentes detrÃticos. En el área del rÃo Samar en Nepal Central, el Grupo Siwalik se caracteriza por la exposición de la parte inferior del Subgrupo Siwalik medio cabalgando sobre el Subgrupo del Siwalik inferior. Las areniscas del Grupo Siwalik son principalmente sublitarenitas arenitas lÃticas y subarcosas, con menor proporción de wacas feldespáticas. Estas son inmaduras composicionalmente con Q/(F+L) ≤ 2,0 y Qp/(F+L) < 0,7. El contenido de biotita de las areniscas del Siwalik medio (1,8% -10,6 %) el más alto en comparación con las del Siwalik inferior (1,1% -8,5 %) y refeja una roca fuente de metamórftas de alto grado durante la sedimentación del Siwalik medio. La madurez textural de las areniscas del Siwalik inferior es mejor comparado con las del Siwalik medio. De acuerdo con la representación en los diagramas ternarios de QFL y QmFL la procedencia fue principalmente de un orógeno reciclado durante la sedimentación de los grupos Siwalik, y las roca fuente varÃan desde rocas metamórfcas de bajo grado del Himalaya Menor hasta rocas de alto grado del Himalaya Alto. La confguración climática durante la deposición de Siwalik medio y bajo fue de húmedo a semi-húmedo
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN FLUVIAL CLASTIC SEDIMENT AND SOURCE ROCK ABUNDANCE IN RAPTI RIVER BASIN OF CENTRAL NEPAL HIMALAYAS
Many tributaries from carbonate sedimentary, metamorphic and igneous rocks of the Lesser Himalayan and clastic sedimentary rocks of the Sub-Himalayan Ranges carry gravelly sediments to the Rapti River. River bar sediments were analyzed for composition and texture to evaluate downstream changes in properties, and to establish relationship between proportion of clasts and the abundance of rock types in the source areas. Percent quartzite clast or granite clast increases whereas that of carbonate, schist or slate decreases along downstream. The largest grain size decreases downstream, whereas fatness index and sphericity tend to increase. Despite of little diminish in relative abundance of rock types in source areas along the river, the relative proportion of corresponding clast type shows rapid reduction (e.g. slate or phyllite or carbonate clasts) or rapid enhancement (e.g. granite clast). The relationships of quartzite clast and schist clasts with their corresponding source rocks are statistically signifcant suggesting that these clasts can provide clue to source rock abundance. About 85 to 94% of the gravel clasts represent rock types of the Lesser Himalayan Range suggesting that this range has been contributing enormous amount of sediments.
Keywords: River sediment, gravel composition, Lesser Himalaya, Sub-Himalaya, Siwalik Range
Numerosos rÃos tributarios aportan sedimentos al rÃo Rapti, a partir de rocas sedimentarias carbonatadas, metamórfcas e Ãgneas en los Lesser Himalaya, y de rocas sedimentarias clásticas de la cordillera Sub-Himalaya. Se estudio la composición y textura de los sedimentos de barreras fuviales para evaluar los cambios durante el transporte y establecer la relación entre la proporción de clastos y la abundancia de las rocas en las áreas fuente. El porcentaje de clastos de cuarcita o granito se incrementa, mientras que los clastos de carbonatos, esquistos o pizarras decrece con respecto a la distancia de transporte. El tamaño de los clastos decrece corriente abajo, mientras que el Ãndice de aplastamiento y esfericidad tiende a incrementarse. No obstante, la poca disminución en la abundancia relativa de las rocas en las áreas fuente a lo largo del rÃo, la relativa proporción de los correspondientes clastos muestran una rápida reducción (clastos de pizarras o flitas o rocas carbonatadas) o un rápido incremento (clastos de granito). La relación de los clastos de cuarcita o esquistos con su correspondiente roca fuente son estadÃsticamente signifcativos, sugiriendo, que estos clastos pueden proveer la clave de la abundancia de estas rocas. Entre el 85 y 94% de los clastos de gravas representan tipos de roca de la cordillera Lesser Himalaya, sugiriendo que esta cordillera ha aportado enormes cantidades de sedimentos.
Palabras clave: sedimento fuvial, composición grava, Lesser Himalaya, Sub-Himalaya, Siwalik Range
 
MORPHOMETRY AND SEDIMENT DYNAMICS OF THE CHURIYA RIVER AREA, SIWALIK RANGE IN NEPAL
The Siwalik Range of Central Nepal has weakly consolidated rocks with thin soil cover. Being one of the several north-fowing subsequent tributaries, the Churiya River originated from the southern uplifted range of the Siwalik Group. Morphometry and hydraulic parameters of the Churiya River Basin (CRB) were studied to know how capable is the river for carrying its sediment out of the basin. In many cases, hypsometric integral (HI) in 1st order watershed was lower (0.33-0.57) compared to that of 2nd and 3rd order watersheds (0.45-0.54) suggesting that it had been undergoing severe erosion. The surface fow in the Churiya River appeared only during intense middle monsoon rainfall (June-August) and disappeared most of the time probably due to highly permeable riverbed. Stream powers (Ps) calculated from morphometric analyses of the drainage basin, and stream powers per unit bed area (Ωb) computed from hydraulic data showed that 2nd order watershed in both cases were 2.5 times higher than 3rd order watershed. This suggests that stream powers of 2nd order watersheds had high potentiality of transporting sediments into 3rd order segment, where stream powers diminished due to reduction in slope, boundary shear stress, and increase of infltration rate. Although, stream powers reduced downstream (in 3rd order segment), they were quite high enough to fush out from the basin even the largest grain size (dmax) of the riverbeds during the period of high fows. Therefore, sediment erosion should be controlled in the Churiya River Basin to reduce its impact on downstream segments and infrastructures.
Keywords: Siwalik Range, morphometry, riverbed, sediment, grain size, stream power.
La Serrania de Siwalik en la región central de Nepal presenta rocas débilmente consolidadas con una delgada cubierta de suelos. Siendo uno de los tributarios del norte, el rio Churiya se originó del levantamiento en el Sureste del Grupo Siwalik. La morfometria y los parámetros hidráulicos de la cuenca del rio Churiya (CRB) fueron estudiados para conocer la capacidad del rio de transportar sedimentos fuera de la cuenca. En muchos casos la hipsometrÃa integral (HI) de parte aguas de primer orden fue muy baja (0.33-0.57) comparada con las de segundo y tercer orden (0.45-0.54), sugiriendo que ha sufrido erosión severa. El flujo superficial del rio Churiya aparece solo durante las intensas lluvias monzonicas (junio-agosto) y desaparece la mayorÃa del tiempo probablemente debido a la alta permeabilidad del lecho del rio. El poder de sedimentos (Ps), calculado a partir de los análisis morfometricos del drenaje de la cuenca y el poder de sedimentos por unidad del área del lecho (Ωb) calculado de los datos hidráulicos mostraron el parte aguas de segundo orden en ambos casos fue 2.5 veces más alto que el de tercer orden, sugiriendo que los de segundo orden tienen más potencial de transporte que los de tercera dado a que en estos últimos disminuye el poder debido a la reducción en la pendiente, limite de cizalla por stress e incremento en la tasa de infiltración. Aunque en el parte aguas de tercer orden hay bajo poder de sedimentación y transporte, esto aumenta en los periodos de lluvias, por consiguiente, la erosión por sedimentación debe ser controlada en la cuenca del rio Churiya para reducir el impacto en la infraestructura.
Palabras Claves: SerranÃa de Siwalik, morfometria, lecho de rio, sedimento, poder de corriente.
 
MORPHOMETRY AND SEDIMENT DYNAMICS OF THE CHURIYA RIVER AREA, SIWALIK RANGE IN NEPAL
The Siwalik Range of Central Nepal has weakly consolidated rocks with thin soil cover. Being one of the several north-fowing subsequent tributaries, the Churiya River originated from the southern uplifted range of the Siwalik Group. Morphometry and hydraulic parameters of the Churiya River Basin (CRB) were studied to know how capable is the river for carrying its sediment out of the basin. In many cases, hypsometric integral (HI) in 1st order watershed was lower (0.33-0.57) compared to that of 2nd and 3rd order watersheds (0.45-0.54) suggesting that it had been undergoing severe erosion. The surface fow in the Churiya River appeared only during intense middle monsoon rainfall (June-August) and disappeared most of the time probably due to highly permeable riverbed. Stream powers (Ps) calculated from morphometric analyses of the drainage basin, and stream powers per unit bed area (Ωb) computed from hydraulic data showed that 2nd order watershed in both cases were 2.5 times higher than 3rd order watershed. This suggests that stream powers of 2nd order watersheds had high potentiality of transporting sediments into 3rd order segment, where stream powers diminished due to reduction in slope, boundary shear stress, and increase of infltration rate. Although, stream powers reduced downstream (in 3rd order segment), they were quite high enough to fush out from the basin even the largest grain size (dmax) of the riverbeds during the period of high fows. Therefore, sediment erosion should be controlled in the Churiya River Basin to reduce its impact on downstream segments and infrastructures.
Keywords: Siwalik Range, morphometry, riverbed, sediment, grain size, stream power.
La Serrania de Siwalik en la región central de Nepal presenta rocas débilmente consolidadas con una delgada cubierta de suelos. Siendo uno de los tributarios del norte, el rio Churiya se originó del levantamiento en el Sureste del Grupo Siwalik. La morfometria y los parámetros hidráulicos de la cuenca del rio Churiya (CRB) fueron estudiados para conocer la capacidad del rio de transportar sedimentos fuera de la cuenca. En muchos casos la hipsometrÃa integral (HI) de parte aguas de primer orden fue muy baja (0.33-0.57) comparada con las de segundo y tercer orden (0.45-0.54), sugiriendo que ha sufrido erosión severa. El flujo superficial del rio Churiya aparece solo durante las intensas lluvias monzonicas (junio-agosto) y desaparece la mayorÃa del tiempo probablemente debido a la alta permeabilidad del lecho del rio. El poder de sedimentos (Ps), calculado a partir de los análisis morfometricos del drenaje de la cuenca y el poder de sedimentos por unidad del área del lecho (Ωb) calculado de los datos hidráulicos mostraron el parte aguas de segundo orden en ambos casos fue 2.5 veces más alto que el de tercer orden, sugiriendo que los de segundo orden tienen más potencial de transporte que los de tercera dado a que en estos últimos disminuye el poder debido a la reducción en la pendiente, limite de cizalla por stress e incremento en la tasa de infiltración. Aunque en el parte aguas de tercer orden hay bajo poder de sedimentación y transporte, esto aumenta en los periodos de lluvias, por consiguiente, la erosión por sedimentación debe ser controlada en la cuenca del rio Churiya para reducir el impacto en la infraestructura.
Palabras Claves: SerranÃa de Siwalik, morfometria, lecho de rio, sedimento, poder de corriente.