Comparison Study Of Energy Efficiency Activities Programs Among The Selected Region And Countries: Lessons Learned For Malaysia

This study reviews the contemporary tendencies in energy efficiency performance in chosen regions and countries. It also reviews the energy efficiency strategies and activities accomplished in these countries which pursue the program of reduction in energy consumption while maintaining the comfort level. These become the objectives and today’s energy efficiency requirement. This study also aims to highlight these activities and the outcomes of the energy efficiency implementation. The extent of this action and its effectiveness is being ascertained. The indicator used to evaluate the Energy Efficiency activities is the Energy Intensity Indicator which is provided by International Energy Agency (IEA). The reports and measurements of the International Energy Agency (IEA) are considered in order to make comparison among the selected countries. The main reason of focus on Energy Intensity levels is because this indicator reflects the result of all activities in different sectors and make sense which country has fulfilled the requirement of Energy Efficiency. The regions and countries are selected on the basis that their level of achievement in the energy efficiency programs are high. However, comparison is still made because each region and country has different emphasis and focus. Despite that Malaysia is a developing country, the achievement towards satisfactory energy efficiency implementation can be considered as encouraging and can only advance further if energy efficiency practice in these selected countries will be learned

Cloud-To-Ground Lightning Flashes Under The Influence Of Pollution In Malaysia And Some Countries

The effect of air pollution produced from world war, industrial activities and transportation clearly can change the earth ecology system such as the atmospheric conditions. Base on few studies reported from by researcher in USA, Brazil, Spain and South Korea researcher have proven that the pollution effect can enhance the activity of lightning. Those information above motivate Advanced Multidisciplinary System Technology researcher in UTeM to report the cloud-to-ground lightning flashes in Malaysia the influence of pollution. Particulate Matter (PM10) and Sulfur Dioxide (SO2) concentration were used as gross indicator of Cloud Condensation Nuclei (CCN) and examined in relation to the urban increase in CG lightning activity. PM10 concentration recorded in Subang, Ipoh and Bayan Lepas were 51, 50 and 49μgm/m³ respectively. Meanwhile, SO2 concentration recorded were 8, 7.9, 7.7μgm/m³. The three urban areas have average number of CG lightning flashes of 200, 197 and 184. An analysis related number of CG flashes against pollutants show positive correlation in Malaysia with reading of 0.94. This indicates PM10 and SO2 concentration have high influential factor in enhancement of CG lightning activity in Malaysia

Permeance Based Algorithm For Computation Of Flux Linkage Characteristics Of Non-Linear 6/4 Switched Reluctance Motor (SRM)

The concept of permeance is used in the analysis of flux linkage of 6/4 SRM. The aim of this paper is to develop an efficient algorithm exploiting the nonlinear feature of the 6/4 SRM using the aforementioned concept of permeance. The first step is to generate the relevant equations related to permeances of the 6/4 SRM under study. The 6/4 SRM’s magnetization curve is then derived from the summation of mmf drops at various blocks representing the motor. The air gap permeances are derived at various angles and 3-D leakage effects are taken into account. These permeances are used for the mmf drop computation. The algorithm is capable of efficiently computing mmf drop at every block to consequently yield a complete accurate nonlinear flux linkage feature of the 6/4 switched reluctance motor. In this way, the capability of the SRM to produce the expected four times the specific output torque due to operation in high saturation region compared to an equivalent induction motor as special the attribute of the SRM is demonstrated

Improvement Of Energy Collection In A Solar System

Parabolic Dish (PD) one of the Concentrating Solar Power(CSP) technologies, convert the thermal energy in solar radiation to mechanical energy. PD has shown the highest efficiency by nearly 31.25% of solar radiation into electricity and PD has emerged as one of reliable and efficient Renewable Energy (RE) technology. However, to evaluate the PD system performance by using experimental is costly and time constraint. Therefore, a model has become necessary to predict the system performance under Malaysia environment. This paper study on several apparatus such as the size of concentrator, reflective material, type of receiver and using a second concentrator to improvement of energy collection. In this work, a theoretical analysis of a parabolic dish with a secondary concentrator is developed and ray tracing is conducted in order to validate the equations obtained. As a conclusion, by using non-imaging Fresnel lens as a second concentrator, 12 meter of size concentrator, silver as a reflectance material and indirect-illumination receivers (IIR) as a receiver will improve the energy collection in solar system

Double-clad erbium/ytterbium-doped fiber laser with a fiber Bragg grating

A double-clad erbium/ytterbium-doped fiber laser (EYDFL) is demonstrated using a fiber Bragg grating (FBG) as wavelength selective filter in a linear cavity resonator. The effect of the FBG's wavelength on the performance of the EYDFL is also investigated. The slope efficiencies of the EYDFL are obtained at 33.7%, 30.9%, and 24.1% for the operating wavelengths of 1553.6, 1557.3, and 1562.8 nm, respectively. The efficiency is higher with a shorter wavelength due to the amplification characteristic of the EYDF which peaks at 1545 nm. At FBG's wave-length of 1553.6 nm, the EYDFL has an output power of 520 mW when pumped at 1700 mW by a 937 nm laser diode. The laser also has a spectral bandwidth of 0.2 nm and signal to noise ratio of more than 25 dB. The threshold power to achieve lasing is measured to be approximately 90 mW for this laser

Effects of Pumping Scheme and Double-Propagation on the Performance of ASE Source using Dual-Stage Bismuth-Based Erbium-Doped Fiber

In this paper, a new configuration of the wide-band amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) source is proposed using dual-stage scheme with a broadband fiber Bragg grating. The ASE source utilizes a Bismuth-based erbium-doped fiber (Bi-EDF) as a gain medium with either forward or backward pumping scheme. A wide-band and flat ASE output is achieved using a forward pumping scheme with the power ripples of less than 4.9 dB and 3 dB bandwidth of 90.5 nm. The ASE spectrum obtained covers the whole C-, L- and extended L-band regions from 1520 to 1620 nm. However, the backward pumping scheme provides a better pumping efficiency as compared to the forward pumping. The total ASE power reaches up to 26.6 mW at maximum pump power of 320 mW with a pumping efficiency of 8%

Gain improvement in a dual-stage S-band EDFA by filtration of forward C-band ASE

Gain improvement in a dual-stage S-band erbium-doped fiber amplifier (S-band EDFA) is demonstrated using a broadband fiber Bragg grating (FBG) operating in the conventional-band (C-band) region or a C-band/S-band wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) coupler which filters out the forward C-band amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) in the amplifier system, thus increasing the population inversion in the S-band region. The gain for the amplifier with the WDM coupler increases by about 8.5 dB with an input signal power of -40 dBm, compared to that of the conventional dual-stage amplifier. The gain improvement varies from 4.0-9.2 dB at a wavelength region between 1480 to 1512 nm without a significant noise figure penalty

FWM-based multi-wavelength erbium-doped fiber laser using Bi-EDF

We experimentally demonstrate a simple structure but efficient multi-wavelength erbium-doped fiber laser (EDFL) using a 49 cm Bismuth-based erbium-doped fiber (Bi-EDF) as gain medium. The Bi-EDF provides erbium amplification and FWM effect in the cavity to generate a stable multi-wavelength comb operating in C-band region. We have achieved more than 5 lines with peak power of more than -35 dBm and channel spacing of 0.5 nm by incorporating a broadband fiber Bragg grating and polarization controller in the ring cavity

Multiple brillouin stokes generation with bismuth-based erbium-doped fiber

A multiple Brillouin Stokes generation is demonstrated at extended L-band region using the bismuth-based erbium-doped fiber (Bi-EDF) in the linear cavity. A 2.15-m long Bi-EDF is used to provide both nonlinear and linear gains to generate a stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) and to amplify the generated SBS, respectively. The Brillouin erbium fiber laser operates at 1615 nm region with more than 40 Stokes and anti-Stokes lines, and the line spacing is measured to be similar to 0.09 nm. Based on the four-wave mixing signals spacing, the dispersion coefficient of the Bi-EDF is estimated to be,similar to 95 ps/nm/km. (C) 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 52: 1416-1418, 2010; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.2520