It Takes a Village: Diversion Resources for Police and Families

Police frequently encounter youth running away from home, violating curfew, skipping school, and chronically disobeying adults—misbehavior that can often stem from family conflict and that do not require justice involvement. When alternatives are not available, however, these behaviors can lead to arrests or detention. Families dealing with difficult youth behavior often unwittingly send their youth into the justice system by calling the police because they feel they have nowhere to turn for help. For police, encountering these kinds of situations can be frustrating because they feel limited to suboptimal choices: either ignoring the problem behavior or criminalizing it.This brief explores the creative, collaborative, and community-focused work being done in Nevada, Connecticut, Nebraska, Michigan, Illinois, and Oregon to find productive responses to youth "acting out."  The juvenile assessment resource centers, crisis response centers, and crisis intervention teams in these jurisdictions address the needs of youth and connect families to resources and services without the need for juvenile justice involvement

Historic Cae Study Maasvlakte 2 - a review of the monitoring plan with focus on adaptive strategies

The Maasvlakte 2 (MV2) is a new location for port activities and industry to be created in the North Sea, directly to the west of the current port of Rotterdam and the surrounding industrial area. The required sand will be taken from carefully selected locations at sea, but will also become available when the port itself is deepened. The land reclamation will cover around 2000 hectares in total. Half of this will consist of infrastructure area, such as sea defences, fairways, railways, roads and port basins. The other 1000 hectares will provide the space for industrial sites. Two permits are required for the sand extraction: a permit for the construction and presence of the Maasvlakte 2, including the required sand extraction under the Nature conservation law (Ministerie van LNV 2008); and a permit for the extraction of sand under the Mineral Extraction law (Ministerie van Verkeer en Waterstaat 2008). The project is permitted under conditions, among which a monitoring plan is required. The permit requirements, monitoring plan, monitoring execution and - evaluation are described in the following sections

Feasibility studies in relation to the IMO Ballast Water Convention

This project is aimed to develop possibilities to overcome the difficulties which arise from the implementation of the Ballast Water Convention (IMO 2004). For this purpose, three feasibility studies have been conducted: assessment of the applicability of small scale test systems; development of protocols for testing active substance residues; risk assessment of ballast water discharge

Greek Migration and Settlement in Oceania

This Chapter on Oceania is divided into two parts - New Zealand and Australia. Australia Η Αυστραλία πρωτοκατοικήθηκε πριν 40.000 χρόνια από ανθρώπους που ήλθαν από τη νοτιανατολική Ασία με αυτοσχέδια κανώ και σχεδίες από μπαμπού. Ο πολιτισμός των πρώτων εποίκων (Αμπορίτζινις), παραμένει ο πλέον αρχαίος συνεχόμενος γνωστός πολιτισμός. Όταν το 1788 άρχισε η ευρωπαϊκή εγκατάσταση, ο αριθμός των ιθαγενών έφτανε περίπου τους 350.000. Ο Πρώτος Στόλος αποτελούνταν από 1000 Βρετανούς, 750 από τους οποίους ήταν κατάδικοι. Για τα πρώτα πενήντα χρόνια της Ευρωπαϊκής εγκατάστασης, οι Αμπορίτζινις και οι νησιώτες των Torres Strait Islandς αποτελούσαν το μεγαλύτερο μέρος του Αυστραλιανού πληθυσμού. Η μεταφορά καταδίκων στην Αυστραλία από τις κατάμεστες βρετανικές φυλακές της Glasgow, Liverpool, Manchester, Doublin και Birmingham (1788) συνεχίστηκε μέχρι και το 1852, όταν οι πρωτοπόροι Έλληνες αφίχθηκαν αναζητώντας την τύχη τους. Από το 1788 μέχρι το 1868, πάνω από 180.000 Βρετανοί και Ιρλανδοί κατάδικοι αφίχθηκαν στην Αυστραλία. New Zealand Αν και οι πρώτοι Έλληνες, τυχοδιώκτες και χρυσοθήρες, αρχίζουν να εμφανίζονται στη Νέα Ζηλανδία (ΝΖ) από το 1840, η ελληνική εποίκηση αρχίζει ουσιαστικά το 1873 με την εγκατάσταση του Ιθακήσιου Νικόλαου Μάντζαρη ή Φερνάντου. Ακολούθησε αλυσιδωτή μετανάστευση Ιθακησίων, Ζακυνθινών και Κεφαλονητών πρωτοπόρων, οι οποίοι άνοιξαν τα πρώτα εστιατόρια και ψαράδικα στο Wellington. Στα τέλη του 19ου αιώνα αρχίζει η μετανάστευση Ελλήνων από την ηπειρωτική Ελλάδα, κυρίως Ακαρνάνων, καθώς επίσης από την Κρήτη και τη Σάμο. Στην Απογραφή του 1874 καταγράφονται συνολικά 25 Έλληνες, από τους οποίους οι 12 εργάζονται ως χρυσωρύχοι της εταιρείας South West Gold Field στο Νότιο νησί.. Μετά το 1927, εξαιτίας των συνεπειών της παγκόσμιας οικονομικής κρίσης, ο αριθμός των Ελλήνων εποίκων που εγκαθίστανται στη ΝΖ μειώνεται, μέχρι και τα πρώτα μεταπολεμικά χρόνια. Due to copyright restrictions the published version of this book chapter is unavailable for download. The author\u27s final version, in two parts, is available for download

Τυπολογία ιστοριογραφίας της ελληνικής εποίκησης (Ωκεανία και Νότια Αμερική)

Please note: This article is in Greek. Although Australia and South America are both sharing the same ocean, very little is known about the common socio-cultural characteristics defining the Greek immigration and settlement in both regions. In South America the phenomenon of migration was developed during the inter-war period (1920–1939) as a result of the migration restrictions and quotas on South European migration intakes applied by the US government. With the exception of Brazil, strong Greek migration waves appeared as early as 1880 in Uruguay, Argentina, Chile and Peru, establishing large and robust Greek community organizations. The Hispanic cultures influenced adversely the loyalty efforts of the Greek communities to maintain their ethnolinguistic identities, despite the large number of Greek benefactors and the adequacy of their social and economic consolidation. The Greek migration to Australia was mainly a post-WWII phenomenon, was developed on the basis of government-controlled migration, focusing on labour decentralization and demographic benefits. In contrast to the migration experience in South America, successive Australian Governments established national policies on languages and supported the ethnolinguistic and cultural loyalty efforts of the 490,000 Australians of Greek ancestry

Risk Assessment of Bioaccumulation Substances. Part II: Description of a Model Framework

This report provides a proposal for a framework for risk assessment of bioaccumulative substances, either from produced water discharges or present as background contamination. The proposed framework is such that it is compatible to the current EIF risk assessment models that are used in the Norwegian offshore oil and gas industry. The risk assessment approach selected for this framework is based on the use of critical body residues (CBR); i.e., body-tissue concentrations above which adverse effects are expected. A three-tiered risk assessment approach is distinguished: tier 1 for worst-case screening purposes; tier 2 based on probabilistic risk assessment using species sensitivity distributions and tier 3 focusing on population modelling for specific species. The latter tier is, because of its specific characteristics, not elaborated in detail. It is proposed to use a food-chain accumulation model to translate species sensitivity thresholds on the basis of CBR into external threshold concentrations, those external thresholds could then be used to either derive an ecosystem PNEC (tier I) or Species Sensitivity Distribution (tier II). This would provide a pragmatic approach to risk assessment of bioaccumulative substances in the context of the EIF modelling framework. Finally, an outline is provided for a research project in which the a risk assessment model for bioaccumulative substances is developed. This model will then be applied to two cases for purposes of demonstration and evaluation. An indication of workload and planning is provided

Greek language and Culture in Australia

The Greek migration and settlement circle in Oceania comprised four important stages: the stage of exodus of approximately 300,000 Hellenes from their ancestral residences (1829-1974), the painful and agonizing stage of settlement in Australia and New Zealand during the pre- and post-WWlI period, the stage of their socioeconomic and cultural interaction during the years 1975-1995, and the stage of consolidation and citizenship that followed. During this period, Greek and Cypriot settlers arriving as migrants to Australia, were progessively transformed into citizens enhancing their social presence, consolidating their economic and cultural contribution, and overcoming the pre-War restrictive immigation policies and attitudes. ISBN: 978960992970

A method for improving Centre for Environmental Studies (CML) characterisation factors for metal (eco)toxicity - the case of zinc gutters and downpipes

Background, aim and scope - The environmental impact of building products made from heavy metals has been a topic of discussion for some years. This was fuelled by results of life cycle assessments (LCAs), where the emission of heavy metals strongly effected the results. An issue was that the characterisation factors of the Centre for Environmental Studies (CML) 2000 life cycle impact assessment (LCIA) methodology put too much emphasis on the impact of metal emissions. We adjusted Zn characterisation factors according to the most recent insights in the ecotoxicity of zinc and applied them in an LCA using zinc gutters and downpipes as an example. Materials and methods - The CML 2000 methodology was used to assess the environmental impact of the zinc products. To adjust the Zn characterisation factors, the uniform system for the evaluation of substances (USES)–LCA model and the biotic ligand model were used. Results and discussion - The first correction was based on updating the effect values for zinc. This resulted in a reduction of the characterisation factors for zinc to 42% of their original values. Additional correcting for the bioavailability of zinc leads to final Zn characterisation factors for the freshwater aquatic ecotoxicity potential (FAETP), the marine aquatic ecotoxicity potential (MAETP) and the terrestrial ecotoxicity potential (TETP) of 25%, 42% and 0.006%, respectively, of the original values. The CML 2000 LCIA methodology is based on the predicted no-effect concentration (PNEC) of a substance. PNEC is not value-free as political considerations are used to decide on it. Using a more robust toxicity measure as the hazardous concentration at which 50% of the species is affected (HC50) will provide value-free results. The production of standard high-grade zinc shows main contributions to six of the ten environmental impact categories. The recycling of zinc at the end of the life cycle shows beneficial effects for these same categories. Despite the reduction of the characterisation factor of Zn, the runoff emissions of Zn are still dominant. Conclusions and recommendations - To improve LCA characterisation factors for ecotoxicity in the CML 2000 methodology, it is recommended to use either the geometric mean of the effect data or the HC50. The HC50 should be based upon the EC50 values from chronic ecotoxicity tests. It is proposed to include the bioavailability of metals in LCA in three steps: (1) separate soluble fraction, (2) separate dissolved fraction and (3) separate bioavailable fraction. The issue of essentiality could not be resolved in this study. However, this could be accounted for by leaving out the fraction of the emission below the maximum permissible admissio

Disturbance-effect relationships applied in an integral Ecological Risk Analysis for the human use of the North Sea

The relationship between the intensity of seven types of human based disturbances and their resulting effects on survival and reproduction of 30+ species were described as a function of increased mortality or reduced reproduction in the report of Jak et al 2000. The numerical values of the parameters in these functions were, as far as possible, estimated on the basis of data from literature, dealing with the sensitivity of the considered species, or otherwise of related species or biota in general, for the regarded disturbanc