The Effect of Fish Oil-Based Foods on Lipid and Oxidative Status Parameters in Police Dogs

The synthesis, degradation, and reconstruction of the cell membrane as a metabolic pathway of phospholipids is a constant and dynamic process. Fatty acids as bioactive lipid components of plasma and erythrocyte phospholipids as structural lipids have biological roles in the integrity of cell membranes. Fatty acids, depending on the chain length, the degree of saturation, and the synthesis pathways, can alleviate inflammation and oxidative stress caused by excessive exercise. Considering that changing food intake or diet can influence fatty acid phospholipid metabolism, our study aimed to determine the potential benefits of fish-based diets in working (police) dogs undergoing intensive training concerning bioactive lipids such as fatty acids, phospholipids of plasma, and erythrocytes. Fatty acid esters’ composition of plasma and erythrocyte phospholipids as a bioactive lipids, in addition to markers of oxidative stress and metabolic parameters, were analysed by GC chromatography. The food was well tolerated by all dogs, and the compliance to the diet was high throughout the study. After the treatment with fish-based food, blood glucose, total, and LDL cholesterol levels were significantly reduced, indicating positive biochemical profiles of dogs. Correlations of fatty acid phospholipid compositions between plasma and erythrocytes have shown that both plasma and erythrocytes could represent markers of omega-3 eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acid intake levels in dogs. Morover, fish-based food supplementation caused a significant reduction in lipid peroxidation markers. The enrichment of dogs’ diets with marine fish could improve oxidative status and improve roles and status of bioactive lipids, such as membrane phospholipids and fatty acids, as its components in plasma and erythrocytes in police dogs exposed to intensive exercise

Fatty Acid Composition and Oxidative Stress Parameters in Plasma after Fish Oil Supplementation in Aging

Fish oil affects oxidative stress parameters and changes in phospholipids fatty acids profiles in plasma, erythrocytes and tissues. We examined the effects of fish oil supplementation in young and old male Wistar rats (3 and 22 months old) on plasma phospholipids fatty acids profiles and blood oxidative stress parameters. Twenty young and twenty aged Wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups (ten animals each): two control groups and two supplemented groups treated for 6 weeks with fish oil capsules containing 45 mg eicosapentanoic acid (EPA) and 30 mg docosahexanoic acid (DHA). Fish oil supplementation changed the percentage of long chain fatty acids (FAs): the elevated percentage of eicosatrienoic acid (ETA, 20:3), eicosapentanoic (EPA, 20:5), docosapentanoic acid (DPA, 22:5), n-3 fatty acids and decreased arachidonic acid (AA, 20:4). However, there were no age-related changes in total SH groups, the percentages of palmitic (16:0), palmitoleic (16:1), oleic (18:1 (n-9)) and linoleic acid (18:2) in plasma phospholipids and MUFA and they were neither reversed nor prevented by fish oil supplementation. Results showed that fish oil supplementation increased SOD and CAT activities in erythrocytes, and PON activity in the blood plasma of both young and aged rats. Furthermore, fish oil supplementation decreased lipid peroxidation (MDA) and nitrite levels in both young and aged rats implying better antioxidant protection and a lower level of oxidative pressure after fish oil supplementation. Our results suggest that fish oil supplementation is beneficial regarding better antioxidant protection in both young and aged rats, while applied treatment differs in plasma phospholipids FAs composition

Efekti hrane obogaćene ribljim brašnom i mlekom u prahu na antioksidativne enzime i lipidnu peroksidaciju u jetri ženki pacova Wistar soja - pilot studija

Background/Aim. Recently, there has been an increased interest in novel dietary antioxidants, including omega-3 fatty acids and bioactive proteins present in milk. The aim of this study was to examine potential antioxidant effects of four-weeks long fish-based and milk-based diets in female Wistar rats. Methods. Four-months old rats were divided into three groups receiving either: control diet, diet enriched with fish meal, or diet enriched with milk. The activities of antioxidant enzymes: glutathione peroxidase (GPx), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT), and concentration of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) were determined in liver homogenates obtained at the end of the treatment period. Results. Statistically significant higher activities of GPx (3.52 ± 0.73 U/mg) and CAT (147.25 ± 15.93 U/mg) were detected in rats fed with fishbased meal in comparison with both the control (GPx: 1.93 ± 0.11 U/mg; CAT: 99.37 ± 10.03 U/mg) and the group fed with milk-based diet (GPx: 1.72 ± 0.52 U/mg; CAT: 104.18 ± 37.49 U/mg). Despite somewhat lower concentration of TBARS in the milk-treated group (0.88 ± 0.23 nmoL/mg), no significant differences were detected in comparison with other groups (the control group: 1.00 ± 0.08 nmoL/mg; the fish-based diet group: 1.13 ± 0.15 nmoL/mg). Conclusion. Diet enriched with fish could improve one's oxidative status by enhancing activities of antioxidant enzymes in the liver tissue. On the contrary, we failed to obtain results suggesting that milk could serve as a source of dietary antioxidants.Uvod/Cilj. U poslednje vreme povećano je interesovanje za istraživanja novih antioksidanasa u ishrani, uključujući omega-3 masne kiseline i bioaktivne proteine prisutne u mleku. Cilj ove studije bio je ispitivanje potencijalnih antioksidativnih efekata hrane obogaćene ribljim brašnom i hrane obogaćene mlekom u prahu kod ženki Wistar pacova, u trajanju od četiri nedelje. Metode. Pacovi, starosti četiri meseca, podeljeni su u tri grupe koje su bile hranjene standardnom hranom (kontrolna grupa), hranom obogaćenom ribljim brašnom i hranom obogaćenom mlekom u prahu. U homogenatima jetre, posle četiri nedelje, određene su aktivnosti antioksidativnih enzima: glutation peroksidaze (GPx), superoksid dismutaze (SOD) i katalaze (CAT), kao i koncentracija reaktivnih supstanci tiobarbiturne kiseline (TBARS). Rezultati. Statistički značajno veće aktivnosti GPx (3,52 ± 0,73 U/mg) i CAT (147,25 ± 15,93 U/mg) nađene su kod pacova koji su dobijali hranu obogaćenu ribljim brašnom u odnosu na kontrolu (GPx: 1,93 ± 0,11 U/mg; CAT: 99,37 ± 10,03 U/mg) i grupu koja je hranjena hranom obogaćenom mlekom u prahu (GPx: 1,72 ± 0,52 U/mg; CAT: 104,18 ± 37,49 U/mg). Uprkos nešto nižoj koncentraciji TBARS u grupi koja je primala hranu obogaćenu mlekom u prahu (0,88 ± 0,23 nmoL/mg), nisu utvrđene statistički značajne razlike u poređenju sa drugim grupama (kontrola: 1,00 ± 0,08 nmoL/mg; grupa na ishrani obogaćenoj ribljim brašnom: 1,13 ± 0,15 nmoL/mg). Zaključak. Ishrana bogata ribom mogla bi delovati povoljno na oksidativni status preko poboljšanja aktivnosti antioksidativnih enzima jetre. Sa druge strane, rezultati ne pokazuju da bi mleko moglo biti dobar izvor dijetarnih antioksidanasa

Polyunsaturated fatty acids phospholipids profiles in plasma and liver in Wistar rats of different age

The phospholipids class, fatty acids (FAs) composition and cholesterol content in membranes are basic determinants of the physical properties of membranes. They been shown to influence a wide variety of membrane dependent functions such as membrane transport, enzyme activity and receptor function. The FAs profile in tissues partly reflects not only the dietary fat intake, but also the efficiency of FAs metabolism in the body. We examined overall saturated (SFA), monounsaturated (MUFA) polyunsaturated (PUFA) fatty acids phospholipids profiles in plasma and liver in male Wistar rats of different age (n=10; 3 months and n=10; 22 mouths), as well as overall n-3, n-6 and n-6/n-3 ratio. We determined it by GC cromatography. Results showed deferent tissue specificity and age specificity also. In young rats plasma phospholipids MUFA were increased (p<0.01), while PUFA and n-6 were decreased (p<0.01)compared to aged rats.In liver phospholipids in young rats overall n-3 were increased (p<0.001), while overall N-6/n-3 ratio was ssignificantly decreased (p<0.001) compared to aged rats. Liver as a place of biosynthesis and degradation of FAs seems to have more pronounced changes in its phospholipids profiles in aging

The Effect of Walnut Consumption on n-3 Fatty Acid Profile of Healthy People Living in a Non-Mediterranean West Balkan Country, a Small Scale Randomized Study

People living in non-Mediterranean West Balkan countries have diets with a low n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) content. Walnuts, a traditional Serbian food, could be an excellent source of n-3 PUFA. The first sub-study evaluated the fatty acid and mineral content of Serbian walnuts, demonstrating that walnuts had the high content of linolenic acid (C18:3, n-3 ALA). The second sub-study assessed the consumption of walnuts (Juglans regia L.) and total n-3-fatty acid intake in apparently healthy Serbian residents, using 24-h dietary recalls (n = 352). An inadequate intake of n-3 fatty acids and a low consumption of walnuts was seen. Additionally, we evaluated the fatty acid profile of healthy Serbian adults (n = 110) and finally, via a randomized intervention 4-weeks study, we assessed the effects of walnut consumption on n-3 fatty acid profile of participants (n = 18). The plasma content of n-3 PUFA was low and the n-6/n-3 ratio was high in our study participants. The n-3 plasma fatty acid profile was improved after 4 weeks of walnut consumption, meaning that ALA, eicosapentaenoic acid, and total n-3 were significantly increased. The results of our study pointed out the potential health benefits of walnuts consumption on amelioration of the n-3 fatty acid profile that should be taken into account in preventive management programs. The higher conversion of ALA to EPA ( gt 10%) in examined study participants, suggests the importance of a moderate walnut consumption

Repertoire and abundance of secreted virulence factors shape the pathogenic capacity of Pseudomonas syringae pv. aptata

Pseudomonas syringae pv. aptata is a member of the sugar beet pathobiome and the causative agent of leaf spot disease. Like many pathogenic bacteria, P. syringae relies on the secretion of toxins, which manipulate host-pathogen interactions, to establish and maintain an infection. This study analyzes the secretome of six pathogenic P. syringae pv. aptata strains with different defined virulence capacities in order to identify common and strain-specific features, and correlate the secretome with disease outcome. All strains show a high type III secretion system (T3SS) and type VI secretion system (T6SS) activity under apoplast-like conditions mimicking the infection. Surprisingly, we found that low pathogenic strains show a higher secretion of most T3SS substrates, whereas a distinct subgroup of four effectors was exclusively secreted in medium and high pathogenic strains. Similarly, we detected two T6SS secretion patterns: while one set of proteins was highly secreted in all strains, another subset consisting of known T6SS substrates and previously uncharacterized proteins was exclusively secreted in medium and high virulence strains. Taken together, our data show that P. syringae pathogenicity is correlated with the repertoire and fine-tuning of effector secretion and indicate distinct strategies for establishing virulence of P. syringae pv. aptata in plants

Phospholipid Fatty Acid Profiles of Plasma and Erythrocyte Membranes in Dogs Fed with Commercial Granulated Food

Intake of long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) benefits human and animal health. Our study aimed to analyze the long-chain n-3 PUFA content of two types of food and their effect on plasma and erythrocyte phospholipids of Belgian Shepherd dogs. A total of 10 dogs were fed commercial granulated food (Food 1), and another 10 were provided commercial Premium granulated food of high quality (Food 2). All the analyses were performed using gas-liquid chromatography. Our results showed that Food 1 contained more n-3 PUFA than Food 2, which was reflected in higher n-3 PUFA in plasma and erythrocyte phospholipids. Because long-chain n-3 PUFA in phospholipids are precursors for antioxidative molecules, further studies should investigate the effects of the analyzed commercial granulated food rich in n-3 on oxidative stress parameters in dogs

Walnut Consumption Induces Tissue-Specific Omega-6/Omega-3 Decrease in High-Fructose-Fed Wistar Rats

Increased dietary, blood, and tissue n-6/n-3 fatty acid ratios are associated with obesity and metabolic syndrome. Due to Westernized dietary patterns, the increasing n-6/n-3 ratio is of growing concern worldwide, and dietary strategies aimed at its lowering are of public health importance. Walnuts are rich in dietary fats, and their consumption promotes cardiometabolic health. This study aimed to examine the effect of 6-week walnut consumption on tissue-specific n-6/n-3 ratio and fatty acid metabolic conversion in fructose-fed rats with a cluster of metabolic disorders. Male Wistar rats were fed a standard diet with or without 10% fructose in drinking water for 9 weeks. Diets of half of the animals were then supplemented with walnuts (2.4 g/day) for 6 weeks, upon which fatty acid profiles were determined in plasma, liver, adipose tissue, and kidney total lipids. Results showed that walnuts induced significant decreases in the n-6/n-3 content of total lipid pool in plasma and examined tissues, irrespective of metabolic burden. Walnut intervention decreased plasma and liver palmitoleic/palmitic, arachidonic/linoleic, and docosahexaenoic/alpha-linolenic acid ratios. It also modulated individual fatty acid levels by reducing arachidonic and palmitic acid and increasing alpha-linolenic, eicosapentaenoic, and docosapentaenoic acid in plasma and most tissues. Our study demonstrated that 6-week consumption of walnuts favorably modulated n-6/n-3 plasma and tissue ratio in male Wistar rats regardless of high-fructose feeding, underscoring the promising potential of walnuts in both prevention and treatment of the metabolic syndrome

Genome Analysis of Two Pseudomonas syringae pv. aptata Strains with Different Virulence Capacity Isolated from Sugar Beet: Features of Successful Pathogenicity in the Phyllosphere Microbiome

Members of the Pseudomonas syringae species complex are heterogeneous bacteria that are the most abundant bacterial plant pathogens in the plant phyllosphere, with strong abilities to exist on and infect different plant hosts and survive in/outside agroecosystems. In this study, the draft genome sequences of two pathogenic P. syringae pv. aptata strains with different in planta virulence capacities isolated from the phyllosphere of infected sugar beet were analyzed to evaluate putative features of survival strategies and to determine the pathogenic potential of the strains. The draft genomes of P. syringae pv. aptata strains P16 and P21 are 5,974,057 bp and 6,353,752 bp in size, have GC contents of 59.03% and 58.77%, respectively, and contain 3,439 and 3,536 protein-coding sequences, respectively. For both average nucleotide identity and pangenome analysis, P16 and P21 largely clustered with other pv. aptata strains from the same isolation source. We found differences in the repertoire of effectors of the type III secretion system among all 102 selected strains, suggesting that the type III secretion system is a critical factor in the different virulent phenotypes of P. syringae pv. aptata. During genome analysis of the highly virulent strain P21, we discovered genes for T3SS effectors (AvrRpm1, HopAW1, and HopAU1) that were not previously found in genomes of P. syringae pv. aptata. We also identified coding sequences for pantothenate kinase, VapC endonuclease, phospholipase, and pectate lyase in both genomes, which may represent novel effectors of the type III secretion system. IMPORTANCE Genome analysis has an enormous effect on understanding the life strategies of plant pathogens. Comparing similarities with pathogens involved in other epidemics could elucidate the pathogen life cycle when a new outbreak happens. This study represents the first in-depth genome analysis of Pseudomonas syringae pv. aptata, the causative agent of leaf spot disease of sugar beet. Despite the increasing number of disease reports in recent years worldwide, there is still a lack of information about the genomic features, epidemiology, and pathogenic life strategies of this particular pathogen. Our findings provide advances in disease etiology (especially T3SS effector repertoire) and elucidate the role of environmental adaptations required for prevalence in the pathobiome of the sugar beet. From the perspective of the very heterogeneous P. syringae species complex, this type of analysis has specific importance in reporting the characteristics of individual strains