MOESM7 of In vivo compartmental kinetics of Plasmodium falciparum histidine-rich protein II in the blood of humans and in BALB/c mice infected with a transgenic Plasmodium berghei parasite expressing histidine-rich protein II

Additional file 7: Figure S4. Kinetics of recombinant PfHRP2 in plasma following protein injection. Female BALB/c mice (n = 3) were injected with rPfHRP2 protein. Plasma was collected at regular intervals post injection for quantification of rPfHRP2 plasma concentration. The protein half-life in each mouse was calculated and averaged using a first-order decay equation model constrained at a plateau of Y = 0. Data are represented as mean Âą SEM

MOESM2 of Distinct parasite populations infect individuals identified through passive and active case detection in a region of declining malaria transmission in southern Zambia

Additional file 2. The modified ‘SNP π’ used to account for missing data and mixed allele calls was calculated as follows

Map of 1 km grid cells, enumerated structures and enrolled households in Nchelenge District, 2012–2015.

<p>Map of 1 km grid cells, enumerated structures and enrolled households in Nchelenge District, 2012–2015.</p

Efficiency of Household Reactive Case Detection for Malaria in Rural Southern Zambia: Simulations Based on Cross-Sectional Surveys from Two Epidemiological Settings

<div><p>Background</p><p>Case detection and treatment are critical to malaria control and elimination as infected individuals who do not seek medical care can serve as persistent reservoirs for transmission.</p><p>Methods</p><p>Household malaria surveys were conducted in two study areas within Southern Province, Zambia in 2007 and 2008. Cross-sectional surveys were conducted approximately five times throughout the year in each of the two study areas. During study visits, adults and caretakers of children were administered a questionnaire and a blood sample was obtained for a rapid diagnostic test (RDT) for malaria. These data were used to estimate the proportions of individuals with malaria potentially identified through passive case detection at health care facilities and those potentially identified through reactive case finding. Simulations were performed to extrapolate data from sampled to non-sampled households. Radii of increasing size surrounding households with an index case were examined to determine the proportion of households with an infected individual that would be identified through reactive case detection.</p><p>Results</p><p>In the 2007 high transmission setting, with a parasite prevalence of 23%, screening neighboring households within 500 meters of an index case could have identified 89% of all households with an RDT positive resident and 90% of all RDT positive individuals. In the 2008 low transmission setting, with a parasite prevalence of 8%, screening neighboring households within 500 meters of a household with an index case could have identified 77% of all households with an RDT positive resident and 76% of all RDT positive individuals.</p><p>Conclusions</p><p>Testing and treating individuals residing within a defined radius from an index case has the potential to be an effective strategy to identify and treat a large proportion of infected individuals who do not seek medical care, although the efficiency of this strategy is likely to decrease with declining parasite prevalence.</p></div

Study flow diagram for 2007 and 2008/2009.

<p>HH: household.</p

Participant characteristics at the initial study visit by year.

<p>ITN: insecticide-treated net.</p>a<p>Symptoms included fever, chills, headache, diarrhea, cough, nausea/vomiting.</p>b<p>Comparison of cross-sectional and longitudinal participants using the chi-square test for binary characteristics and the Wilcoxon ranksum test for continuous characteristics.</p

Percent of enrolled participants who were RDT positive per month in Nchelenge District, Zambia from April 2012 to July 2015.

<p>Percent of enrolled participants who were RDT positive per month in Nchelenge District, Zambia from April 2012 to July 2015.</p

Individual characteristics associated with RDT positivity in Nchelenge District, 2012–2015.

<p>Individual characteristics associated with RDT positivity in Nchelenge District, 2012–2015.</p

Percentage of RDT positive households identified, RDT positive individuals identified and total households screened by screening radii surrounding index households: 2007.

<p>Percentage of RDT positive households identified, RDT positive individuals identified and total households screened by screening radii surrounding index households: 2007.</p

Characteristics of sampled and simulated households: 2007 and 2008.

<p>Characteristics of sampled and simulated households: 2007 and 2008.</p