Synthesis, biological and in silico evaluation of pure nucleobase-containing spiro (Indane-Isoxazolidine) derivatives as potential inhibitors of MDM2-p53 interaction

Nucleobase-containing isoxazolidines spiro-bonded to an indane core have been synthesized in very good yields by regio- and diastereoselective 1, 3-dipolar cycloaddition starting from indanyl nitrones and N-vinylnucleobases by using environmentally benign microwave technology. The contemporary presence of various structural groups that are individually active scaffolds of different typology of drugs, has directed us to speculate that these compounds may act as inhibitors of MDM2-p53 interaction. Therefore, both computational calculations and antiproliferative screening against A549 human lung adenocarcinoma cells and human SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells were carried out to support this hypothesis

Nitrones and nucleobase-containing spiro-isoxazolidines derived from isatin and indanone: Solvent-free microwave-assisted stereoselective synthesis and theoretical calculations

The spiro-oxindoles have found wide application because of their antiviral properties. However, in the literature few examples of synthesis of their precursors, oxindole-nitrones, are reported. In this paper, we initially present a rapid and efficient synthetic approach to ketonitrones by solvent-free microwave-assisted reaction between isatin or indanone derivatives and various hydroxylamines. The synthetic protocol is facile, clean, fast, high-yielding and stereoselective. Then, we explored the possibility to synthesize nucleobase-containing spiro-isoxazolidines with isatin and indanone nuclei by solvent-free MW-assisted 1, 3-dipolar cycloaddition, obtaining good results in yields (74-85%), and regio- and diastereoselectivity. Theoretical calculations were done to analyze the difference of reactivity of isatin and indanone derivatives with hydroxylamines

Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic modelling: history and perspectives

A major goal in clinical pharmacology is the quantitative prediction of drug effects. The field of pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) modelling has made many advances from the basic concept of the dose-response relationship to extended mechanism-based models. The purpose of this article is to review, from a historical perspective, the progression of the modelling of the concentration-response relationship from the first classic models developed in the mid-1960s to some of the more sophisticated current approaches. The emphasis is on general models describing key PD relationships, such as: simple models relating drug dose or concentration in plasma to effect, biophase distribution models and in particular effect compartment models, models for indirect mechanism of action that involve primarily the modulation of endogenous factors, models for cell trafficking and transduction systems. We show the evolution of tolerance and time-variant models, non- and semi-parametric models, and briefly discuss population PK/PD modelling, together with some example of more recent and complex pharmacodynamic models for control system and nonlinear HIV-1 dynamics. We also discuss some future possible directions for PK/PD modelling, report equations for general classes of novel semi-parametric models, as well as describing two new classes, additive or set-point, of regulatory, additive feedback models in their direct and indirect action variants