Does the Pandemic Affect Inequality Within Families? The Case of Dual-Earner Couples in Israel

This article exploits the unique consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic outbreak to examine whether time constraints drive the unequal division of unpaid labor between dual-earner couples in Israel. Using the first wave of longitudinal household data that was collected in Israel since the outbreak of the pandemic, we focused on 325 dual-earner couples who stayed employed during the first lockdown. By employing OLS regressions, we examined the association between changes in employment hours and changes in unpaid labor for partnered men and women. Strong evidence was found for a gendered translation of the time constraints mechanism: A decrease in hours of paid work is related to an increase in hours of care for children among men and women, but time devoted to housework increased only among women. We conclude that time constraints that resulted from the dramatic effect of the first lockdown on paid and unpaid work in Israel did not significantly change the gender division of unpaid housework but did change the distribution of childcare. The theoretical implications of this conclusion for future research are discussed

Benefit Inequality among American Workers by Gender, Race, and Ethnicity, 1982–2015

Gender, racial, and ethnic gaps in wages are well known, but group disparities in employer-provided benefits, which account for one-quarter of total compensation, are not. We use benefit costs data to study levels and trends in gender, racial, and ethnic gaps in voluntary employer-provided benefits. Analyzing Employer Costs for Employee Compensation microdata on wages and benefit costs for the years 1982 to 2015, matched to Current Population Survey files by wage decile in the industrial sector, we find that (1) benefit gaps were wider than wage gaps for minorities but were narrower for gender, (2) racial and ethnic gaps in benefits increased faster than wage gaps, and (3) the gender gap in benefits decreased faster than the wage gap. We show that these findings reflect the types of jobs women, blacks, and Hispanics have held for the past three decades

Ethnicity and Mixed Ethnicity: Educational Gaps among Israeli-born Jews

This paper analyzes gaps in the college graduation rates of third-generation Ashkenazim and Mizrahim (the two major ethnic groups among Israeli Jews), in comparison to the same gaps among members of the second generation. The empirical analyses have been performed using a special file of the 1995 Israeli census which matched records of respondents to their parents in the 1983 Census, thereby allowing identification of the ethnicity of the third generation for a representative sample of men and women, 25-34 years of age in 1995, as well as the identification of persons of mixed ethnicity. The results suggest that the gaps between the two major ethnic groups are not smaller in the third generation than in the second generation. Persons of mixed ethnicity -- of both the second and third generations -- are located about midway between the two ethnic groups with respect to their college graduation rates. Much of the ethnic-based gap in college graduation is due to differences in family background, especially among women. The same pattern of results is observed among persons of mixed ethnicity: holding parental characteristics constant, women of mixed ethnicity are as likely as Ashkenazi women to be college graduates, while among men, the chances of college graduation depend on the mother's ethnic origin. We discuss the implications of these results for the future of ethnic-based stratification in Israel

Correction for Tomaskovic-Devey et al., Rising between-workplace inequalities in high-income countries.

Correction for "Rising between-workplace inequalities in highincome countries," by Donald Tomaskovic-Devey, Anthony Rainey, Dustin Avent-Holt, Nina Bandelj, István Boza, David Cort, Olivier Godechot, Gergely Hajdu, Martin Hällsten, Lasse Folke Henriksen, Are Skeie Hermansen, Feng Hou, Jiwook Jung, Aleksandra Kanjuo- Mrčela, Joe King, Naomi Kodama, Tali Kristal, Alena Křížková, Zoltán Lippényi, Silvia Maja Melzer, Eunmi Mun, Andrew Penner, Trond Petersen, Andreja Poje, Mirna Safi, Max Thaning, and Zaibu Tufail, which was first published April 13, 2020; 10.1073/ pnas.1918249117 (Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 117, 9277-9283). The authors note that the affiliation for Silvia Maja Melzer should instead appear as Department of Political and Social Sciences, University Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona 08005, Spain. The corrected author and affiliation lines appear below. The online version has been corrected