Hybrid fluid–structure interaction modelling of dynamic brittle fracture in steel pipelines transporting CO2 streams

Pressurised steel pipelines are considered for long-distance transportation of dense-phase CO2 captured from fossil fuel power plants for its subsequent sequestration in a Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) chain. The present study develops a hybrid fluid–structure methodology to model the dynamic brittle fracture of buried pressurised CO2 pipeline. The proposed model couples the fluid dynamics and the fracture mechanics of the deforming pipeline exposed to internal and back-fill pressures. To simulate the state of the flow in the rupturing pipeline a compressible one-dimensional Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) model is applied, where the fluid properties are evaluated using rigorous thermodynamic model. In terms of the fracture model, an eXtended Finite Element Method (XFEM)-based cohesive segment technique is used to model the dynamic brittle fracture behaviour of pipeline steel. Using the proposed model, a study is performed to evaluate the rate of brittle fracture propagation in a real-scale 48 in. diameter API X70 steel pipeline. The model was verified by comparing the obtained numerical results against available semi-empirical approaches from the literature. The simulated results are found to be in good correlation with the simulations using a simple semi-empirical model accounting for the fracture toughness, indicating the capability of the proposed approach to predict running brittle fracture in a CO2 pipeline