PMTCT costs and future treatment costs of infected infants and partners for 10 years (USD).

<p>PMTCT costs and future treatment costs of infected infants and partners for 10 years (USD).</p

Model overview.

<p>Model overview.</p

Model inputs.

<p>Model inputs.</p

Cost related outcomes - Base-case analysis.

a<p>For a period of 24 months (from 14 weeks of pregnancy to 18 months after delivery) per annual cohort of 600,000 pregnant women.</p>b<p>Based on the costs of PMTCT programme.</p

Longitudinal Study of the Decline in Renal Function in Healthy Subjects

<div><p>Background</p><p>Chronic kidney disease is an important concern in preventive medicine, but the rate of decline in renal function in healthy population is not well defined. The purpose of this study was to determine reference values for the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and rate of decline of eGFR in healthy subjects and to evaluate factors associated with this decline using a large cohort in Japan.</p><p>Methods</p><p>Retrospective cross-sectional and longitudinal studies were performed with healthy subjects aged ≥18 years old who received a medical checkup. Reference values for eGFR were obtained using a nonparametric method and those for decline of eGFR were calculated by mixed model analysis. Relationships of eGFR decline rate with baseline variables were examined using a linear least-squares method.</p><p>Results</p><p>In the cross-sectional study, reference values for eGFR were obtained by gender and age in 72,521 healthy subjects. The mean (±SD) eGFR was 83.7±14.7ml/min/1.73m². In the longitudinal study, reference values for eGFR decline rate were obtained by gender, age, and renal stage in 45,586 healthy subjects. In the same renal stage, there was little difference in the rate of decline regardless of age. The decline in eGFR depended on the renal stage and was strongly related to baseline eGFR, with a faster decline with a higher baseline eGFR and a slower decline with a lower baseline eGFR. The mean (±SD) eGFR decline rate was ‒1.07±0.42ml/min/1.73m²/year (‒1.29±0.41%/year) in subjects with a mean eGFR of 81.5±11.6ml/min/1.73m².</p><p>Conclusions</p><p>The present study clarified for the first time the reference values for the rate of eGFR decline stratified by gender, age, and renal stage in healthy subjects. The rate of eGFR decline depended mainly on baseline eGFR, but not on age, with a slower decline with a lower baseline eGFR.</p></div

Multivariate analysis of independent variables associated with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (n = 408).

<p>OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; AST, aspartate aminotransferase.</p

Basic demographics of the entire study population, patients with NAFLD and without NAFLD.

¶<p>Data are median (interquartile range). Four missing values in variable HIV load<50 copies/mL.</p>a<p>χ² test or Fisher's exact test was used for categorical data, and Student's <i>t</i> test for continuous variables.</p><p>NAFLD, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; ddI, didanosine; ddC, zalcitabine; d4T, stavudine; ART, antiretroviral therapy; PI, protease inhibitor; NRTI, nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor; NNRTI, non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor; AIDS, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.</p

Graph of the slope of eGFR decline (simulated change of eGFR) in healthy men and women.

<p>The slope of eGFR decline is depicted as the inclination of each line. The trajectory of renal function based on this slope was predicted with a simulation method. The shape of the graph was gently convex downward, which matches the tendency for the slope of eGFR decline to be steeper for higher baseline eGFR and shallower for lower baseline eGFR.</p