ガン ヨボウ ノ タメ ノ エイヨウ ト シンタイ カツドウ

Cancer is one of life-style related diseases such as diabetes and hypertension. Food, nutrition, physical activity, and environment as well as genetic factor cooperatively contribute to promotion and progression of cancer. Therefore, cancer is a preventable disease. For the prevention, it is important to understand the mechanism how these factors can promote cancer, to explore the extent to which factors can modify the risk of cancer, and to specify which factors are most important. World Cancer Research Fund and National Institute for Cancer Research conducted systematic reviews of all the relevant research, and judged evidences and have presented the public health goals and personal recommendations published as the second expert report in ２００７. In Japan, a nation-wide research team, which is supported by Health Labour Sciences Research Grant, has conducted to explore the life-style related factors associated with cancer risk in Japanese. Continuous research on this field will enable the prevention of cancer in near future

Application of cloud particle sensor sondes for estimating the number concentration of cloud water droplets and liquid water content: case studies in the Arctic region

A cloud particle sensor (CPS) sonde is an observing system attached with a radiosonde sensor to observe the vertical structure of cloud properties. The signals obtained from CPS sondes are related to the phase, size, and number of cloud particles. The system offers economic advantages including human resource and simple operation costs compared with aircraft measurements and land-/satellite-based remote sensing. However, the observed information should be appropriately corrected because of several uncertainties. Here we made field experiments in the Arctic region by launching approximately 40 CPS sondes between 2018 and 2020. Using these data sets, a better practical correction method was proposed to exclude unreliable data, estimate the effective cloud water droplet radius, and determine a correction factor for the total cloud particle count. We apply this method to data obtained in October 2019 over the Arctic Ocean and March 2020 at Ny-Ålesund, Svalbard, Norway, to compare with a particle counter aboard a tethered balloon and liquid water content retrieved by a microwave radiometer. The estimated total particle count and liquid water content from the CPS sondes generally agree with those data. Although further development and validation of CPS sondes based on dedicated laboratory experiments would be required, the practical correction approach proposed here would offer better advantages in retrieving quantitative information on the vertical distribution of cloud microphysics under the condition of a lower number concentration

コウリン ケッショウ ト シン ケッカン シッカン

Hyperphosphatemia has been known as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease particularly inchronic kidney disease patients. Hyperphosphatemia can be involved in the calcification of vascularsmooth muscle cells, resulting in M¨onkeberg medial calcific sclerosis which is a type of arteriosclerosis.However, it has not been clarified whether hyperphosphatemia can deteriorate endothelialfunction and can be a risk factor of atherosclerosis. Our recent study demonstrated that hyperphosphatemiaincreased oxidative stress and decreased nitric oxide production in endothelial cells.In addition, hyperphosphatemia attenuated endothelium-dependent vasodilation reaction. Theseobservations suggest that hyperphosphatemia may cause endothelial dysfunction, and be an importantfactor for progression of atherosclerosis as well as vascular calcification. Positive associationbetween hyperphosphatemia and cardiovascular disease may be explained by the dual harmfuleffects of phosphorus on the vessels

Control of oxidative stress and metabolic homeostasis by the suppression of postprandial hyperglycemia

Repeated mental stress may lead to chronic alterations in cortisol and catecholamine concentrations and to insulin resistance. Furthermore, chronically elevated cortisol concentrations may favour the development of abdominal obesity and of the metabolic syndrome. Oxidative stress impairs glucose uptake in muscle and fat and correlates with BMI. Obese subjects with type 2 diabetes, especially soon after the onset of diabetes, usually exhibit postprandial hyperglycemia with delayed hyperinsulinemia. It is recognized that insulin resistance causes postprandial hyperglycemia ; however, it is also possible that impairment of early insulin secretion in response to an oral glucose load is the reason why postprandial hyperglycemia occurs. Since even modest increases in postprandial glucose values can be a risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Therefore, the effects of palatinose based functional food which reduces postprandial hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia were investigated in rats. This novel food definitely reduced visceral fat accumulation and improved insulin sensitivity. Therefore, it is suggested that functional food which suppresses postprandial glucose level is beneficial for both stress and metabolic controls

Effects of xylitol on metabolic parameters and visceral fat accumulation

Xylitol is widely used as a sweetener in foods and medications. Xylitol ingestion causes a small blood glucose rise, and it is commonly used as an alternative to high-energy supplements in diabetics. In previous studies, a xylitol metabolite, xylulose-5-phosphate, was shown to activate carbohydrate response element binding protein, and to promote lipogenic enzyme gene transcription in vitro; however, the effects of xylitol in vivo are not understood. Here we investigated the effects of dietary xylitol on lipid metabolism and visceral fat accumulation in rats fed a high-fat diet. Sprague-Dawley rats were fed a high-fat diet containing 0 g (control), 1.0 g/100 kcal (X1) or 2.0 g/100 kcal (X2) of xylitol. After the 8-week feeding period, visceral fat mass and plasma insulin and lipid concentrations were significantly lower in xylitol-fed rats than those in high-fat diet rats. Gene expression levels of ChREBP and lipogenic enzymes were higher, whereas the expression of sterol regulatory-element binding protein 1c was lower and fatty acid oxidation-related genes were significantly higher in the liver of xylitol-fed rats as compared with high-fat diet rats. In conclusion, intake of xylitol may be beneficial in preventing the development of obesity and metabolic abnormalities in rats with diet-induced obesity