On the thermodynamic stability of clathrate hydrates IV: Double occupancy of cages

We have extended the van der Waals and Platteeuw theory to treat multiple occupancy of a single cage of clathrate hydrates, which has not been taken into account in the original theory but has been experimentally confirmed as a real entity. We propose a simple way to calculate the free energy of multiple cage occupancy and apply it to argon clathrate structure II in which a larger cage can be occupied by two argon atoms. The chemical potential of argon is calculated treating it as an imperfect gas, which is crucial to predict accurate pressure dependence of double occupancy expected at high pressure. It is found that double occupancy dominates over single occupancy when the guest pressure in equilibrium with the clathrate hydrate exceeds 270 MPa. (C) 2004 American Institute of Physics

Background Events on the Kamiokande Observation of Solar Neutrino Flux

[Abstract] The main background events seem to be caused by the low enegy atmospheric neutrinos. However, the events number can not interpleted by the expected numbers from the relevant cross sections ν_e+p→n+e^- and ν^^-_e+p→n+e^-. We show the number of background to be consistent with contribution of neutrons generated in nuclear showers initiated by muons underground, following to Ryazhskaya\u27s estimation

An Evaluation of Scattered Angular Distributions of Low Energy Electrons to a Solar Neutrino Flux of the Kamiokande Observation

[Abstract] In solar neutrino observations, there seems much contradictions among the Homestake, the Kamiokande and the Sage experimental results. We used other scattering angle distribution for low energy electrons produced by ^8B solar neutrinos in a place of the EGS4 code which has been used in the Kamiokande analysis, and obtained a fewer solar neutrino flux than the Kamiokande one

ON THE KAMIOKANDE 8B SOLAR NEUTRINO MEASUREMENT

[Abstract]We study the reconstruction resolution E[]1/2 of the arrival direction in the 8B neutrinos measurement by water Cherenkov detector and found the discrepancy with about 70% between the theoretical and experimental values for the root mean square scattering angles of low energy electrons. This discrepancy implies the suspected measurement for the scattering distribution of low energy electrons by the water Cherenkov detector

ORIGIN OF BACKGROUND EVENTS IN THE KAMIOKANDE MEASUREMENT

[Abstract]The observed number of background 5958±87 in 1036 days of the Kamiokande III measurement is not inconsistent with contribution of neutron flux generated in showers initiated by underground muons, whereas the contribution of atmospheric νe is less than 0.1 events