Biological Properties of Essential Oils from the Piper Species of Brazil: A Review

Piperaceae, a Latin name derived from Greek, which in turn originates from the Arabic word babary—black pepper, is considered one of the largest families of basal dicots, found in tropical and subtropical regions of both hemispheres. The species that belong to this family have a primarily pantropical distribution, predominantly herbaceous members, occurring in tropical Africa, tropical Asia, Central America and the Amazon region. The Piperaceae family includes five genera: Piper, Peperomia, Manekia, Zippelia and Verhuellia. Brazil has about 500 species distributed in the Piper, Peperomia and Manekia genera. The Piper genus, the largest of the Piperaceae family, has about 4000 species. Within the Piper genus, about 260–450 species can be found in Brazil. Piper species have diverse biological activities and are used in pharmacopeia throughout the world. They are also used in folk medicine for treatment of many diseases in several countries including Brazil, China, India, Jamaica and Mexico. Pharmacological studies of Piper species point toward the vast potential of these plants to treat various diseases. Many of these species are biologically active and have shown antitumor, antimicrobial, antioxidant, insecticidal, anti-inflammatory, antinociceptive, enzyme inhibitor, antiparasitic, antiplatelet, piscicide, allelopathic, antiophidic, anxiolytic, antidepressant, antidiabetic, hepatoprotective, amebicide and diuretic possibilities

Plant-Derived Compounds as an Alternative Treatment Against Parasites in Fish Farming: A Review

Aquaculture has grown rapidly for food production around the world. However, outbreaks of infectious diseases have also increased in aquaculture, causing serious economic losses. For many years, fish farmers have applied conventional treatments such as anti‐parasitics and chemical treatments to control fish parasites. However, previous studies have revealed an accumulation of these chemical residues in fish tissues, and a negative environmental impact from farms to aquatic organisms. As an alternative to conventional methods, many plant‐derived compounds such as essential oils (e.g. Origanum sp. and Lippia spp.) and plant extracts (e.g. Allium sativum and Mentha spp.) have been used as an efficient treatment to control parasites in freshwater, brackishwater and marine aquaculture systems. Our objective with this review is to highlight the advantages of the use of plant extracts as an alternative treatment against parasites in aquaculture (e.g. protozoans, myxozoans and monogeneans) and to show the possible negative environmental impacts of conventional treatments used in fish farming systems. Finally, we also highlight the potential of discovering new plant‐derived bioactive compounds that have been increased in the last year due to the use of new tools such as the application of nanotechnology and microencapsulation to control diseases in fish farming

Structure Elucidation and Anticancer Activity of 7-Oxostaurosporine Derivatives from the Brazilian Endemic Tunicate Eudistoma vannamei

The present study reports the identification of two new staurosporine derivatives, 2-hydroxy-7-oxostaurosporine (1) and 3-hydroxy-7-oxostaurosporine (2), obtained from mid-polar fractions of an aqueous methanol extract of the tunicate Eudistoma vannamei, endemic to the northeast coast of Brazil. The mixture of 1 and 2 displayed IC50 values in the nM range and was up to 14 times more cytotoxic than staurosporine across a panel of tumor cell lines, as evaluated using the MTT assay.CNPqCAPESInCBFAPES

Chemical study and evaluation of cytotoxic activity from ascidians Didemnum psammatodes (Sluiter, 1895) and Eudistoma vannamei Millar, 1977 (Tunicata: Ascidiacea)

Amostras de Didemnum psammatodes foram coletadas em Icapuí (CE) e Trairi (CE). O extrato metanólico de D. psammatodes, proveniente de Icapuí, foi submetido a processo de fracionamento e purificação por diversas técnicas cromatográficas, obtendo-se quatro nucleosídeos (2-deoxiuridina, 2-deoxiinosina, timidina e 2-deoxiguanosina), três esteróides em mistura (colestanol, colestanona e estigmasterol) e três derivados do glicerol éter em mistura (2,3-propanodiol, 1- heptadeciloxi; álcool batílico e 2,3-propanodiol, 1-nonadeciloxi). O extrato metanólico de D. psammatodes, proveniente de Trairi, foi inicialmente particionado, originando as fases aquosa, hexânica, clorofórmica, butanólica e hidroalcoólica. A fase hexânica inibiu o ciclo celular de ovos de ouriço do mar e exibiu toxicidade em células tumorais. Ela foi fracionada por técnicas cromatográficas e obtiveram-se três ácidos graxos metilados em mistura (miristato de metila, palmitato de metila e estearato de metila), dois esteróides em mistura (colestanol e colestanona), dois ácidos graxos em mistura (ácido palmítico e ácido esteárico) e três derivados do glicerol éter em mistura (2,3-propanodiol, 1-heptadeciloxi; álcool batílico e 2,3- propanodiol, 1-nonadeciloxi). A fase clorofórmica também inibiu o ciclo celular de ovos de ouriço do mar e exibiu toxicidade em células tumorais. Ela foi fracionada por técnicas cromatográficas e obtiveram-se seis ácidos graxos em mistura (ácido láurico, ácido mirístico, ácido pentadecanóico, ácido palmítico, ácido margárico e ácido esteárico). A fase aquosa foi submetida ao processo de fracionamento e purificação por diversas técnicas cromatográficas, obtendo-se dois nucleosídeos (uridina e timidina) e um núcleo purínico (hipoxantina). A fase butanólica resultou no isolamento e identificação de dois nucleosídeos (2-deoxiguanosina e timidina). Amostras de Eudistoma vannamei foram coletadas em São Gonçalo do Amarante (CE). O extrato metanólico de E. vannamei foi particionado, originando as fases hexânica e hidroalcoólica. A fase hexânica inibiu o ciclo celular de ovos de ouriço do xi mar e exibiu toxicidade em células de linhagem B-16. Ela foi fracionada por técnicas cromatográficas e obtiveram-se cinco ácidos graxos metilados (miristato de metila, palmitato de metila, estearato de metila, palmitoleato de metila e oleato de metila), dois esteróides (colestanona e colesterol) e cinco ácidos graxos (ácido mirístico, ácido pentadecanóico, ácido palmítico, ácido margárico e ácido esteárico). A fase hidroalcoólica resultou no isolamento e identificação de dois nucleosídeos (guanosina e adenosina). As substâncias foram identificadas por métodos espectroscópicos e cromatográficos, comparando-se os valores obtidos com aqueles da literatura e padrões. Os nucleosídeos 2-deoxiuridina e 2-deoxiguanosina inibiram o ciclo celular de ovos de ouriço do mar em ambas fases examinadas. Os ácidos graxos metilados de D. psammatodes, o ácido palmítico junto com ácido esteárico e os derivados do glicerol éter inibiram o ciclo celular de ovos de ouriço do mar durante a primeira divisão. Os ácidos graxos metilados de D. psammatodes apresentaram maior toxicidade nas linhagens tumorais analisadas, sendo que a mistura de ácidos graxos metilados de E. vannamei também mostrou toxicidade em células tumorais leucêmicas. Ambas amostras de ácidos graxos metilados mostraram efeitos antiproliferativos e citotóxicos e estas atividades envolveram a inibição da síntese de DNA e indução de apoptose e necrose.Samples of Didemnum psammatodes were collected in Icapui (Ceara State) and Trairi (Ceara State). The methanolic extract from D. psammatodes, acquired from Icapui, was submitted to fractionation and purification through several chromatographic techniques and were obtained four nucleosides (2?-deoxyuridine, 2- deoxyinosine, thyimidine, and 2?-deoxyguanosine), three steroids in mixture (cholestanol, cholestanone, and stigmasterol) and three glyceryl ethers in mixture (2,3-propanediol, 1-(heptadecyloxy), batyl alcohol, and 2,3-propanediol, 1- (nonadecyloxy)). The methanolic extract from D. psammatodes, acquired from Trairi, was initially partitionated, giving rise to aqueous, hexane, chloroform, and butanol phases. The hexane phase inhibited the sea urchin egg cell cycle and exhibited toxicity in tumor cell lines. It was fractionated by several chromatographic techniques and obtained three fatty acid methyl esters in mixture (methyl myristate, methyl palmitate, and methyl stearate), four steroids in mixture (cholestanol and cholestanone), two fatty acids in mixture (palmitic acid and stearic acid) and three glyceryl ethers in mixture (2,3-propanediol, 1-(heptadecyloxy), batyl alcohol, and 2,3- propanediol, 3-(nonadecyloxy)). The chloroform phase also inhibited the sea urchin egg cell cycle and exhibited toxicity in tumor cell lines. It was fractionated through several chromatographic techniques and obtained six fatty acids in mixture (lauric acid, myristic acid, pentadecanoic acid, palmitic acid, margaric acid, and stearic acid). The aqueous phase was submitted to fractionation and purification by several chromatographic techniques and obtained two nucleosides (uridine and thymidine) and one purinic nucleus (hypoxanthine). The butanol phase resulted in the isolation and identification of two nucleosides (2?-deoxyguanosine and thymidine). Samples of Eudistoma vannamei were collected in São Gonçalo do Amarante (Ceara State). The methanolic extract from E. vannamei was partitionated, giving rise to hexane and hydroalcoholic phases. The hexane phase inhibited the sea urchin egg cell cycle and xiii exhibited toxicity in cell line B-16. It was fractionated by chromatographic techniques and obtained five fatty acid methyl esters in mixture (methyl myristate, methyl palmitate, methyl stearate, methyl palmitoleate, and methyl oleate), two steroids (cholestanol and cholesterol), and five fatty acids (myristic acid, pentadecanoic acid, palmitic acid, margaric acid, and stearic acid). The hydroalcoholic phase resulted in the isolation and identification of two nucleosides (guanosine and adenosine). The substances were identified by spectroscopic and chromatographic methods comparing the obtained values with those of the literature and standards. The nucleosides 2?-deoxyuridine and 2?-deoxyguanosine inhibited the sea urchin egg cell cycle in both stages. The fatty acid methyl esters from D. psammatodes, the palmitic acid plus stearic acid and the glyceryl ethers inhibited the sea urchin egg cell during first cleavage. The fatty acid methyl esters from D. psammatodes presented the highest toxicity in the cell lines tested and the mixture of fatty acid methyl esters from E. vannamei showed toxicity to leukemia cell lines too. Both samples of fatty acid methyl esters showed antiproliferative and cytotoxic effects and these activities involved the inhibition of DNA synthesis and induction of both necrosis and apoptosis

Chemical study and evaluation of cytotoxic activity from ascidians Didemnum psammatodes (Sluiter, 1895) and Eudistoma vannamei Millar, 1977 (Tunicata: Ascidiacea)

Amostras de Didemnum psammatodes foram coletadas em Icapuí (CE) e Trairi (CE). O extrato metanólico de D. psammatodes, proveniente de Icapuí, foi submetido a processo de fracionamento e purificação por diversas técnicas cromatográficas, obtendo-se quatro nucleosídeos (2-deoxiuridina, 2-deoxiinosina, timidina e 2-deoxiguanosina), três esteróides em mistura (colestanol, colestanona e estigmasterol) e três derivados do glicerol éter em mistura (2,3-propanodiol, 1- heptadeciloxi; álcool batílico e 2,3-propanodiol, 1-nonadeciloxi). O extrato metanólico de D. psammatodes, proveniente de Trairi, foi inicialmente particionado, originando as fases aquosa, hexânica, clorofórmica, butanólica e hidroalcoólica. A fase hexânica inibiu o ciclo celular de ovos de ouriço do mar e exibiu toxicidade em células tumorais. Ela foi fracionada por técnicas cromatográficas e obtiveram-se três ácidos graxos metilados em mistura (miristato de metila, palmitato de metila e estearato de metila), dois esteróides em mistura (colestanol e colestanona), dois ácidos graxos em mistura (ácido palmítico e ácido esteárico) e três derivados do glicerol éter em mistura (2,3-propanodiol, 1-heptadeciloxi; álcool batílico e 2,3- propanodiol, 1-nonadeciloxi). A fase clorofórmica também inibiu o ciclo celular de ovos de ouriço do mar e exibiu toxicidade em células tumorais. Ela foi fracionada por técnicas cromatográficas e obtiveram-se seis ácidos graxos em mistura (ácido láurico, ácido mirístico, ácido pentadecanóico, ácido palmítico, ácido margárico e ácido esteárico). A fase aquosa foi submetida ao processo de fracionamento e purificação por diversas técnicas cromatográficas, obtendo-se dois nucleosídeos (uridina e timidina) e um núcleo purínico (hipoxantina). A fase butanólica resultou no isolamento e identificação de dois nucleosídeos (2-deoxiguanosina e timidina). Amostras de Eudistoma vannamei foram coletadas em São Gonçalo do Amarante (CE). O extrato metanólico de E. vannamei foi particionado, originando as fases hexânica e hidroalcoólica. A fase hexânica inibiu o ciclo celular de ovos de ouriço do xi mar e exibiu toxicidade em células de linhagem B-16. Ela foi fracionada por técnicas cromatográficas e obtiveram-se cinco ácidos graxos metilados (miristato de metila, palmitato de metila, estearato de metila, palmitoleato de metila e oleato de metila), dois esteróides (colestanona e colesterol) e cinco ácidos graxos (ácido mirístico, ácido pentadecanóico, ácido palmítico, ácido margárico e ácido esteárico). A fase hidroalcoólica resultou no isolamento e identificação de dois nucleosídeos (guanosina e adenosina). As substâncias foram identificadas por métodos espectroscópicos e cromatográficos, comparando-se os valores obtidos com aqueles da literatura e padrões. Os nucleosídeos 2-deoxiuridina e 2-deoxiguanosina inibiram o ciclo celular de ovos de ouriço do mar em ambas fases examinadas. Os ácidos graxos metilados de D. psammatodes, o ácido palmítico junto com ácido esteárico e os derivados do glicerol éter inibiram o ciclo celular de ovos de ouriço do mar durante a primeira divisão. Os ácidos graxos metilados de D. psammatodes apresentaram maior toxicidade nas linhagens tumorais analisadas, sendo que a mistura de ácidos graxos metilados de E. vannamei também mostrou toxicidade em células tumorais leucêmicas. Ambas amostras de ácidos graxos metilados mostraram efeitos antiproliferativos e citotóxicos e estas atividades envolveram a inibição da síntese de DNA e indução de apoptose e necrose.Samples of Didemnum psammatodes were collected in Icapui (Ceara State) and Trairi (Ceara State). The methanolic extract from D. psammatodes, acquired from Icapui, was submitted to fractionation and purification through several chromatographic techniques and were obtained four nucleosides (2?-deoxyuridine, 2- deoxyinosine, thyimidine, and 2?-deoxyguanosine), three steroids in mixture (cholestanol, cholestanone, and stigmasterol) and three glyceryl ethers in mixture (2,3-propanediol, 1-(heptadecyloxy), batyl alcohol, and 2,3-propanediol, 1- (nonadecyloxy)). The methanolic extract from D. psammatodes, acquired from Trairi, was initially partitionated, giving rise to aqueous, hexane, chloroform, and butanol phases. The hexane phase inhibited the sea urchin egg cell cycle and exhibited toxicity in tumor cell lines. It was fractionated by several chromatographic techniques and obtained three fatty acid methyl esters in mixture (methyl myristate, methyl palmitate, and methyl stearate), four steroids in mixture (cholestanol and cholestanone), two fatty acids in mixture (palmitic acid and stearic acid) and three glyceryl ethers in mixture (2,3-propanediol, 1-(heptadecyloxy), batyl alcohol, and 2,3- propanediol, 3-(nonadecyloxy)). The chloroform phase also inhibited the sea urchin egg cell cycle and exhibited toxicity in tumor cell lines. It was fractionated through several chromatographic techniques and obtained six fatty acids in mixture (lauric acid, myristic acid, pentadecanoic acid, palmitic acid, margaric acid, and stearic acid). The aqueous phase was submitted to fractionation and purification by several chromatographic techniques and obtained two nucleosides (uridine and thymidine) and one purinic nucleus (hypoxanthine). The butanol phase resulted in the isolation and identification of two nucleosides (2?-deoxyguanosine and thymidine). Samples of Eudistoma vannamei were collected in São Gonçalo do Amarante (Ceara State). The methanolic extract from E. vannamei was partitionated, giving rise to hexane and hydroalcoholic phases. The hexane phase inhibited the sea urchin egg cell cycle and xiii exhibited toxicity in cell line B-16. It was fractionated by chromatographic techniques and obtained five fatty acid methyl esters in mixture (methyl myristate, methyl palmitate, methyl stearate, methyl palmitoleate, and methyl oleate), two steroids (cholestanol and cholesterol), and five fatty acids (myristic acid, pentadecanoic acid, palmitic acid, margaric acid, and stearic acid). The hydroalcoholic phase resulted in the isolation and identification of two nucleosides (guanosine and adenosine). The substances were identified by spectroscopic and chromatographic methods comparing the obtained values with those of the literature and standards. The nucleosides 2?-deoxyuridine and 2?-deoxyguanosine inhibited the sea urchin egg cell cycle in both stages. The fatty acid methyl esters from D. psammatodes, the palmitic acid plus stearic acid and the glyceryl ethers inhibited the sea urchin egg cell during first cleavage. The fatty acid methyl esters from D. psammatodes presented the highest toxicity in the cell lines tested and the mixture of fatty acid methyl esters from E. vannamei showed toxicity to leukemia cell lines too. Both samples of fatty acid methyl esters showed antiproliferative and cytotoxic effects and these activities involved the inhibition of DNA synthesis and induction of both necrosis and apoptosis

Pyrimidine alkaloids from Eudistoma vannamei

Abstract Methanolic extracts of the Brazilian endemic ascidian Eudistoma vannamei have been extensively studied for their cytotoxic activity against several human cancer cell lines. Previous work reported the occurrence of purine derivatives and staurosporine alkaloids as the major nitrogen-containing compounds. In this study, we report the occurrence of three pyrimidine alkaloids in addition to cholesterol, sitosterol and stigmasterol

Constituintes químicos da ascídia didemnum psammatodes (sluiter, 1895) coletada na costa cearense Chemical constituent from the ascidian didemnum psammatodes (sluiter, 1895) collecter on the shores of ceara state

<abstract language="eng">Chemical investigation of the methanolic extract of the ascidian Didemnum psammatodes has led to the identification of the nucleosides 2'-deoxyuridine (1), thymidine (2), 2'-deoxyinosine (3) and 2'-deoxyguanosine (4), the steroids cholestanol, cholestanone and stigmasterol in mixture and batyl alcohol plus two analogs, 1-heptadecyloxy-2,3-propanediol and 1-nonadecyloxy-2,3-propanediol in mixture. Their structures were proposed by NMR, MS and comparison with literature data and GC-MS analysis