269 research outputs found
Precise electrical transport measurements by using bridgman type pressure cell at low temperature
金沢大学理工研究域環境デザイン学系We report a technique for the precise measurement of the electrical resisivity under high pressure at low temperature by using Bridgman anvils made of tungsten carbide. Quasi-hydrostatic pressure is generated up to ∼15 GPa in the relatively large working space which allows the use of large specimens and simple experimental procedures rather than using a standard diamond anvil cell. The application is demonstrated by the measurements of the electrical resistivity of lead in order to describe the effect of pressure on the superconducting transition. © 2010 IOP Publishing Ltd
Study of the Intracluster and Intergalactic Medium in the Sculptor Supercluster with Suzaku
We studied the high temperature plasma in the direction of the Sculptor
supercluster at z=0.108 with Suzaku. Suzaku carried out four observations in
the supercluster: namely, A2811, A2811 offset, A2804, A2801 regions in 2005
Nov.--Dec., including the regions beyond the virial radii of these clusters.
The study needed precise background estimation because the measured intensity
of the redshifted lines, especially those from oxygen, were strongly affected
by the the Galactic emission. The spectra taken in the regions outside of the
virial radii of the member clusters were used as the background which included
both the Galactic and Cosmic X-ray Background (CXB) components. We also used
the background data which were taken near the Sculptor supercluster.
Temperature and metal abundance profiles were determined to the virial radii of
the member clusters, and then we searched for the oxygen line emission in the
region outside of the virial radii of the clusters. As a result, the
temperature of the clusters decreased toward the virial radii, and the spectral
fits for the filament region did not require extra component other than the
Galactic and CXB components. We constrained the intensities of O VII and O VIII
lines to be less than 8.1 and 5.1 photons cm^-2 s^-1 arcmin^-2, respectively,
as 2-sigma upper limits. The intensity of O VII indicates n_H < 1.6e-5 cm^-3
(Z/0.1 Z_solar)^-1/2 (L/25 Mpc)^-1/2, which corresponds to an over density,
delta < 60 (Z/0.1 Z_solar)^-1/2 (L/25 Mpc)^-1/2.Comment: 11 pages, 8 figures, accepted for publication in PAS
Suzaku observations of the Hydra A cluster out to the virial radius
We report Suzaku observations of the northern half of the Hydra A cluster out
to ~1.4 Mpc, reaching the virial radius. This is the first Suzaku observations
of a medium-size (kT ~3 keV) cluster out to the virial radius. Two observations
were conducted, north-west and north-east offsets, which continue in a filament
direction and a void direction of the large-scale structure of the Universe,
respectively. The X-ray emission and distribution of galaxies elongate in the
filament direction. The temperature profiles in the two directions are mostly
consistent with each other within the error bars and drop to 1.5 keV at 1.5
r_500. As observed by Suzaku in hot clusters, the entropy profile becomes
flatter beyond r_500, in disagreement with the r^1.1 relationship that is
expected from accretion shock heating models. When scaled with the average
intracluster medium (ICM) temperature, the entropy profiles of clusters
observed with Suzaku are universal and do not depend on system mass. The
hydrostatic mass values in the void and filament directions are in good
agreement, and the Navarro, Frenk, and White universal mass profile represents
the hydrostatic mass distribution up to ~ 2 r_500. Beyond r_500, the ratio of
gas mass to hydrostatic mass exceeds the result of the Wilkinson microwave
anisotropy probe, and at r_100, these ratios in the filament and void
directions reach 0.4 and 0.3, respectively. We discuss possible deviations from
hydrostatic equilibrium at cluster outskirts. We derived radial profiles of the
gasmass- to-light ratio and iron-mass-to-light ratio out to the virial radius.
Within r_500, the iron-mass-to-light ratio of the Hydra A cluster was compared
with those in other clusters observed with Suzaku.Comment: 16 pages, 15 figures; Accepted for publication in PAS
Fractional Vortices and Lumps
We study what might be called fractional vortices, vortex configurations with
the minimum winding from the viewpoint of their topological stability, but
which are characterized by various notable substructures in the transverse
energy distribution. The fractional vortices occur in diverse Abelian or
non-Abelian generalizations of the Higgs model. The global and local features
characterizing these are studied, and we identify the two crucial ingredients
for their occurrence - the vacuum degeneracy leading to non-trivial vacuum
moduli M, and the BPS nature of the vortices. Fractional vortices are further
classified into two kinds. The first type of such vortices appear when M has
orbifold Z_n singularities; the second type occurs in systems in which the
vacuum moduli space M possesses either a deformed geometry or some singularity.
These general features are illustrated with several concrete models.Comment: LaTeX, 46 pages, 12 figures. V2: minor changes, footnote adde
Discovery of the Central Excess Brightness in Hard X-rays in the Cluster of Galaxies Abell 1795
Using the X-ray data from \ASCA, spectral and spatial properties of the
intra-cluster medium (ICM) of the cD cluster Abell 1795 are studied, up to a
radial distance of ( kpc). The ICM
temperature and abundance are spatially rather constant, although the cool
emission component is reconfirmed in the central region. The azimuthally-
averaged radial X-ray surface brightness profiles are very similar between soft
(0.7--3 keV) and hard (3--10 keV) energy bands, and neither can be fitted with
a single- model due to a strong data excess within of the
cluster center. In contrast, double- models can successfully reproduce
the overall brightness profiles both in the soft and hard energy bands, as well
as that derived with the \ROSAT PSPC. Properties of the central excess
brightness are very similar over the 0.2--10 keV energy range spanned by \ROSAT
and \ASCA. Thus, the excess X-ray emission from the core region of this cluster
is confirmed for the first time in hard X-rays above 3 keV. This indicates that
the shape of the gravitational potential becomes deeper than the King-type one
towards the cluster center. Radial profiles of the total gravitating matter,
calculated using the double- model, reveal an excess mass of within kpc of the cluster
center. This suggests a hierarchy in the gravitational potential corresponding
to the cD galaxy and the entire cluster.Comment: 27 pages, 8 figures; to appear ApJ 500 (June 20, 1998
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