Feedback Control of Flow Separation Using Plasma Actuator and FBG Sensor

A feedback control system for mitigating flow separation was developed by using a string-type dielectric-barrier-discharge (DBD) plasma actuator and a fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensor. Tangential jets were induced from the string-type DBD plasma actuator, which was located at 5% chord from the leading edge of an NACA0024 airfoil. The FBG sensor was attached to the interior surface near the root of the cantilever beam modeled on the pressure surface of the airfoil. The strain at the cantilever root was reflected in the form of Bragg wavelengths (λB) detected by the FBG sensor when the cantilever tip was vibrated by the flow near the trailing edge of the airfoil. It was found that calculating running standard deviations in the Bragg wavelength (λB′) detected by the sensor was valuable for judging flow separation in real time. The feedback control of flow separation on the NACA0024 airfoil was successfully demonstrated by setting λB′=0.0028 with periodic flow separations generated in a wind tunnel by oscillating a side wall of the test section with frequency fw=0.42 Hz. It was confirmed that the appearance probability of flow separation tends to decrease with a decrease in the duration for calculating λB′ and with an increase in the duration of jet injection

Dialogue between Kaundinya and Sarvalokapriyadarsana on the Relics of the Tathāgata

This paper consists of two parts.The first part (Chapter 2) follows directly another paper by the present author,“An Examination of the Suvarnaprabhāsa and the Mahāmeghasūtra through Text-Comparison (The Memoirs of the Institute of Oriental Culture 135),” in which it is proved that the Mahāmeghasūtra (MMS) is an original source for an interpolated part appearing in Chap.II of the Suvarnaprabhāsa (Suv), Tathāgatāyuh-pramānanirdeśa.This first part aims at presenting the whole structure of that interpolated part including dialogue between Kaundinya and Sarvaloka-priyadarsana on the relics of the tathāgata.For this purpose, in the same way as in the paper mentioned above, we compare texts of the Suv (one Sanskrit, two Tibetan and three Chinese versions) with texts of the MMS (one Tibetan and one Chinese version).Three MSS. of the Suv kept at the University of Tokyo, which were not referred to at Nobel\u27s edition, and six editions of the Tibetan Kanjur of the MMS are also consulted.The second part (Chapter 3) deals with a question:“How does Kaundinya come to know the truth that the tathāgata has a kāya composed of dharma and has relics of dharma?” The answer to this question is found in the MMS, not in the Suv.The MMS explains that this dialogue is based on their ancient devotion and vows and on the power (anubhāva) of the tathāgata.This fact that the answer can be seen only in the MMS makes it more convincing that the MMS is an original source for that interpolated part.Moreover, we can assume that a particular context in one sutra can be wholly transferred to another sutra

The Non-emptiness of the Tathāgata in the Mahāparinirvānasūtra-Group

Thanks to several previous studies, the Mahāparinirvānasūtra (MPNS) has been proved to shift its central thought from the buddhakāya idea to the tathāgatagarbha/buddhadhātu idea.The present author has shown in another paper (Suzuki [1999]) that the movement between the buddhakāya idea and the tathāgatagarbha/buddhadhātu idea appears in the larger context including the MPNS, and has extracted this context from the various Mahāyāna sūtras under the name of the Mahāparinirvānasūtra-Group (MPNS-G), which consists of the Mahāmeghasūtra (MMS), the MPNS, the Angulimālīyasūtra (AMS) and the Mahābherīsūtra (MBhS).While the AMS is a direct successor of the MPNS, the MBhS succeeds the MPNS critically and shifts back its central thought from the tathāgatagarbha/buddhadhātu idea to the buddhakāya idea again.The MPNS-G declares or suggests the non-emptiness of the tathāgata.This is reinterpretation of the pratītyasamutpāda and the śūnyatā idea, and follows the rule of the historical Buddhist hermeneutics.It is especially worthwhile to note that the MBhS, like the Samdhinirmocanasutra in the Vijñaptimātra idea, devaluates the śūnyatā idea as imperfect.This quite negative attitude toward the śūnyatā idea does not appear in any other Indian texts on the tathāgatagarbha idea including the MPNS and the AMS.Aiming at establising the theory that every sentiant beings is able to perform religious efforts and become buddha on account of the non-emptiness and the eternalness of the tathāgata, the MBhS must reject any sutra concerning the suyata idea as imperfect.Though the MPNS is a pioneer in reinterpretation of the the śūnyatā idea, the MPNS cannot devaluate it perfectly because the śūnyatā idea is one of the main backgrounds to the MPNS.The MBhS\u27s decisive attitude toward the śūnyatā idea devaluation becomes possible by having the MPNS as its basis

Conception of the Life Span and the Relics of the Tathāgata in the Second Chapter of the Suvarnaprabhāsa

This paper aims at examining how the conception of the life span and the relics of the tathāgata has changed with its augmentation and development of the second chapter of the Suvarnaprabhāsa (Suv), the Tathāgatāyuh-pramānanirdeśaparivarta, which has four stages of the augmentation and development.Stage 1 declares that the life span of the tathāgata is immeasurable, but the question why Śākyamuni has entered into nirvāna in spite of his immeasurable life span remains unsolved.Stage 2 tries to sweep the legacy of stūpa worshippers completely away out of Mahāyāna sūtra literature and to solve the question of the Stage 1.The present author has proved in another paper that the Mahāmeghasūtra is a single impotant source from which this stage quotes long series of passages concerning the buddhakāya idea.Stage 3 reinforces the idea of the above two stages with using similes.The conception of embodied buddhakāya in this stage much resembles that in the Saddharmapundarīka.Stage 4 is quite different from the above three stages in point of both the style and the idea.As for the style, it is not too much to say that this stage is not sūtra but śāstra.And as for the idea, this stage denies or devaluates the conception of the buddhakāya and the relics shown in above three stages.Encouragement of stūpa/relics worship in this stage strongly coutradicts the early Mahāyāna movement which rose with the intention of shifting the central value of Buddhism from stūpa/relics worship to sutra/dharma evaluation

Why does the Chinese Version of the Mahāmeghasūtra Emphasize the Existence of Buddhadhātu against its Original Context?

One of the chief intentions of the Mahāmeghasūtra (MMS) lies in devalu-ating stupa worship and shifting the central value of Buddhism from stupa worship to dharma evaluation (see Suzuki [1998a]).The Chinese version of the MMS (MMS_c), however, emphasizes the existence of buddhadhatu as interiorized stupa against its original context.No precise examination has been made of this question to date.In this paper, it is concluded that some proponents of the Mahāparinirvānasūtra (MPNS) had altered the Sanskrit text of the MMS along their opinion, and Tán-wú Chèn (曇無讖) translated it into Chinese.This could be good example to show that Chinese version can be effective to know the environment surrounding one sutra in India besides Tibetan version and Sanskrit text

‘phan par ston pa’ : as the Proponents of the Angulimāliyasūtra and the Mahābherisūtra

This paper focuses on a peculiar term phan par ston pa, which is used in the Angulimāliyasūtra (AMS) and the Mahābherisūtra (MBhS).Through examining the contexts of both the AMS and the MBhS concerning phan par ston pa, it is concluded that phan par ston pa is another name for the proponents of both sutras and has a meaning: an instructor on what is salutary.Its original word is therefore supposed to be hitopadestr in Sanskrit.Attested in Buddhist literature, its first use is found in the AMS and the MBhS imports phan par ston pa from the AMS.Sharing a name for the proponents should be one of the important evidences that shows the AMS and the MBhS are related much more closely than ever estimated

A novel indole compound MA-35 attenuates renal fibrosis by inhibiting both TNF-α and TGF-β1 pathways

Renal fibrosis is closely related to chronic inflammation and is under the control of epigenetic regulations. Because the signaling of transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) play key roles in progression of renal fibrosis, dual blockade of TGF-β1 and TNF-α is desired as its therapeutic approach. Here we screened small molecules showing anti-TNF-α activity in the compound library of indole derivatives. 11 out of 41 indole derivatives inhibited the TNF-α effect. Among them, Mitochonic Acid 35 (MA-35), 5-(3, 5-dimethoxybenzyloxy)-3-indoleacetic acid, showed the potent effect. The anti-TNF-α activity was mediated by inhibiting IκB kinase phosphorylation, which attenuated the LPS/GaIN-induced hepatic inflammation in the mice. Additionally, MA-35 concurrently showed an anti-TGF-β1 effect by inhibiting Smad3 phosphorylation, resulting in the downregulation of TGF-β1-induced fibrotic gene expression. In unilateral ureter obstructed mouse kidney, which is a renal fibrosis model, MA-35 attenuated renal inflammation and fibrosis with the downregulation of inflammatory cytokines and fibrotic gene expressions. Furthermore, MA-35 inhibited TGF-β1-induced H3K4me1 histone modification of the fibrotic gene promoter, leading to a decrease in the fibrotic gene expression. MA-35 affects multiple signaling pathways involved in the fibrosis and may recover epigenetic modification; therefore, it could possibly be a novel therapeutic drug for fibrosis

Pair contact process with a particle source

We study the phase diagram and critical behavior of the one-dimensional pair contact process (PCP) with a particle source using cluster approximations and extensive simulations. The source creates isolated particles only, not pairs, and so couples not to the order parameter (the pair density) but to a non-ordering field, whose state influences the evolution of the order parameter. While the critical point p_c shows a singular dependence on the source intensity, the critical exponents appear to be unaffected by the presence of the source, except possibly for a small change in beta. In the course of our study we obtain high-precision values for the critical exponents of the standard PCP, confirming directed-percolation-like scaling.Comment: 15 pages, 9 figure

Itineration of the Internet over Nonequilibrium Stationary States in Tsallis Statistics

The cumulative probability distribution of sparseness time interval in the Internet is studied by the method of data analysis. Round-trip time between a local host and a destination host through ten odd routers is measured using the Ping Command, i.e., doing echo experiment. It is found that the data are well described by the q-exponential destributions, which maximize the Tsallis entropy indexed by q less or larger than unity. The network is observed to itinerate over a series of the nonequilibrium stationary states characterized by Tsallis statistics.Comment: 15 pages, 5 figure