Deacylation-protection assay of the aminoacyl ester bond against hydrolysis () of mt Phe-tRNA (initial concentration: 50 nM) (left) and mt Met-tRNA (initial concentration: 50 nM) (right) in the presence of 5 μM mt EF-Tu1/Ts complex

<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "Modification at position 9 with 1-methyladenosine is crucial for structure and function of nematode mitochondrial tRNAs lacking the entire T-arm"</p><p>Nucleic Acids Research 2005;33(5):1653-1661.</p><p>Published online 21 Mar 2005</p><p>PMCID:PMC1069008.</p><p>© The Author 2005. Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved</p> Unmodified tRNAs (squares), tRNAs(mA+) (triangles) and native tRNAs (circles) were analyzed. Filled and open symbols show the deacylation profile with and without EF-Tu1/Ts, respectively

Near-Infrared Light-Directed RNAi Using a Photosensitive Carrier Molecule

Controlled activation of small RNAs, such as small interfering RNA, in cells is very useful for various biological applications. Light is an effective inducer of controlled activation; in particular, near-infrared light is favorable because it can penetrate deeper into tissues than UV or visible light. In this study, near-infrared light control of RNA interference (RNAi) was demonstrated in mammalian cells using a photosensitive RNA carrier molecule, consisting of an RNA carrier protein and a fluorochrome. The photosensitive carrier molecule was identified from six candidates, each with a different fluorochrome. Using this carrier molecule, cytosolic RNA delivery and RNAi can be triggered by near-infrared light. Cytotoxicity was not observed after photoinduction of RNAi

Red and Near-Infrared Light-Directed Cytosolic Delivery of Two Different RNAs Using Photosensitive RNA Carriers

Many cellular events are thought to be controlled by the temporal upregulation of multiple RNAs; the timing of the upregulation of these RNAs is not always the same. In this study, we first show that our light-directed intracellular RNA delivery method induced high concentrations of RNA in a short period. This effect was beneficial for the temporal control of cellular events by functional RNAs. Next, we stimulated the short-term upregulation of two different RNAs at different time points. Cytosolic delivery of a first RNA was induced by red light; thereafter, cytosolic delivery of a second RNA was induced by near-infrared light. The time difference between the introduction of the first and second RNA can be short (0.5–4 h) or long (>8 h). This strategy shows the potential for future applications of the deliberate control of time-dependent RNA concentration to guide various cellular functions by multiple RNAs

Changes in contents of major components in sesame leaves at different growth stages.

<p>Plots of the figure presents lamalbid (<b>I1</b>, open triangle), sesamoside (<b>I2</b>, open circle), shanzhiside methyl ester (<b>I3</b>, open square), pedaliin (<b>P4</b>, solid triangle) and acteoside (<b>P5</b>, solid circle).</p

NMR spectroscopic data for compounds P3, P4 and P7.

<p>NMR spectroscopic data for compounds P3, P4 and P7.</p

Content (%) of compounds in young sesame leaves cultivated in different regions in harvest years 2013 through 2016.

<p>Content (%) of compounds in young sesame leaves cultivated in different regions in harvest years 2013 through 2016.</p

Iridoids and polyphenols found in young sesame leaves.

<p>Iridoids and polyphenols found in young sesame leaves.</p

Chemical characterization and biological activity in young sesame leaves (<i>Sesamum indicum</i> L.) and changes in iridoid and polyphenol content at different growth stages - Fig 1

<p>UPLC-PDA chromatograms (A) and UV spectral data (B) of young sesame leaves.</p

Chemical characterization and biological activity in young sesame leaves (<i>Sesamum indicum</i> L.) and changes in iridoid and polyphenol content at different growth stages

<div><p>Three iridoids (lamalbid (<b>I1</b>), sesamoside (<b>I2</b>) and shanzhiside methyl ester (<b>I3</b>)) and seven polyphenols (cistanoside F (<b>P1</b>), chlorogenic acid (<b>P2</b>), pedalitin-6-<i>O</i>-laminaribioside (<b>P3</b>), pedaliin (<b>P4</b>), isoacteoside (<b>P6</b>), pedalitin (<b>P7</b>) and martynoside (<b>P8</b>)) were identified in young sesame leaves (<i>Sesamum indicum</i> L.) other than the acteoside (<b>P5</b>) reported previously. <b>P3</b> was a new compound, and <b>I1</b>, <b>I3</b>, <b>P2</b> and <b>P8</b> were found in a species of <i>Sesamum</i> for the first time. HPLC analyses revealed that the compounds <b>I1</b> (0.29–1.75% of dry leaves), <b>I2</b> (0.38–0.87%), <b>I3</b> (0.04–1.07%), <b>P4</b> (0.01–2.05%) and <b>P5</b> (0.13–4.86%) were present primarily in young sesame leaves and were found in plants cultivated on different farms (plant height, 30–70 cm). Of the identified compounds, <b>P5</b> and <b>P6</b> showed high 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging, oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC), and <i>in vitro</i> antiglycation activities. Given its content, <b>P5</b> makes a major contribution to the biological activities of young sesame leaves. The compounds were examined at six different growth stages of plants cultured in a greenhouse to determine the optimum harvest stage and for end-use assessment. <b>P5</b> accumulated in the leaves during growth, and the content reached a maximum of 12.9% of dry leaves in the 4th stage (plant height, 74.5±9.7 cm), which is one of the highest percentages reported in plants from nature.</p></div

Cycloforskamide, a Cytotoxic Macrocyclic Peptide from the Sea Slug <i>Pleurobranchus forskalii</i>

A macrocylic dodecapeptide, cycloforskamide, was isolated from the sea slug <i>Pleurobranchus forskalii</i>, collected off Ishigaki Island, Japan. Its planar structure was deduced by extensive NMR analyses and was further confirmed by MS/MS fragmentation analyses. Finally, the absolute configuration was determined by total hydrolysis and chiral-phase gas chromatographic analysis. This novel dodecapeptide contains three d-amino acids and three thiazoline heterocycles and exhibits cytotoxicity against murine leukemia P388 cells, with an IC₅₀ of 5.8 μM