6 research outputs found
π‑AllylPdCl-Based Initiating Systems for Polymerization of Alkyl Diazoacetates: Initiation and Termination Mechanism Based on Analysis of Polymer Chain End Structures
Polymerization of ethyl and benzyl diazoacetates (EDA
and BDA) initiated with π-allylPdCl-based systems [π-allylPdCl/NaBPh<sub>4</sub>, π-allylPdCl/NaBAr<sup>F</sup><sub>4</sub> (Ar<sup>F</sup> = 3,5-{CF<sub>3</sub>}<sub>2</sub>C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>3</sub>), and π-allylPdCl] is described. Initiation efficiencies of
the π-allylPdCl-based systems are much higher than those of
the previously reported (NHC)ÂPd/borate (NHC = <i>N</i>-heterocyclic
carbene) systems, and the new systems are capable of polymerizing
the alkyl diazoacetates at low temperatures (0 ∼ −20
°C), where the (NHC)ÂPd/borate systems cannot initiate the polymerization.
MALDI–TOF–MS analyses of the polymers obtained from
EDA provide information for the chain-end structures of the polymers,
based on which initiation and termination mechanisms are proposed.
Interestingly, EDA polymerization by the π-allylPdCl-based systems
in the presence of alcohols (EtOH, nPrOH, and nBuOH) or water was
found to afford RO- or HO-initiated polymers as major products, as
confirmed by MALDI–TOF–MS analyses
Differing susceptibility to autophagic degradation of two LC3-binding proteins: SQSTM1/p62 and TBC1D25/OATL1
<p>MAP1LC3/LC3 (a mammalian ortholog family of yeast Atg8) is a ubiquitin-like protein that is essential for autophagosome formation. LC3 is conjugated to phosphatidylethanolamine on phagophores and ends up distributed both inside and outside the autophagosome membrane. One of the well-known functions of LC3 is as a binding partner for receptor proteins, which target polyubiquitinated organelles and proteins to the phagophore through direct interaction with LC3 in selective autophagy, and their LC3-binding ability is essential for degradation of the polyubiquitinated substances. Although a number of LC3-binding proteins have been identified, it is unknown whether they are substrates of autophagy or how their interaction with LC3 is regulated. We previously showed that one LC3-binding protein, TBC1D25/OATL1, plays an inhibitory role in the maturation step of autophagosomes and that this function depends on its binding to LC3. Interestingly, TBC1D25 seems not to be a substrate of autophagy, despite being present on the phagophore. In this study we investigated the molecular basis for the escape of TBC1D25 from autophagic degradation by performing a chimeric analysis between TBC1D25 and SQSTM1/p62 (sequestosome 1), and the results showed that mutant TBC1D25 with an intact LC3-binding site can become an autophagic substrate when TBC1D25 is forcibly oligomerized. In addition, an ultrastructural analysis showed that TBC1D25 is mainly localized outside autophagosomes, whereas an oligomerized TBC1D25 mutant rather uniformly resides both inside and outside the autophagosomes. Our findings indicate that oligomerization is a key factor in the degradation of LC3-binding proteins and suggest that lack of oligomerization ability of TBC1D25 results in its asymmetric localization at the outer autophagosome membrane.</p
Asymmetric Synthesis and Catalytic Activity of 3‑Methyl-β-proline in Enantioselective <i>anti</i>-Mannich-type Reactions
Enantiomerically pure 3-methyl-β-proline
was synthesized
using an asymmetric phase-transfer-catalyzed alkylation of a cyanopropanoate
to establish the all-carbon stereogenic center. The catalytic activity
of 3-methyl-β-proline in the Mannich-type reaction between a
glyoxylate imine and ketones/aldehydes was subsequently investigated.
The catalyst was designed and found to be more soluble in nonpolar
organic solvents relative to the unsubstituted β-proline catalyst,
and as a result allowed for added flexibility during optimization
efforts. This work culminated in the development of a highly <i>anti</i>-diastereo- and enantioselective process employing low
catalyst loading
In Situ Electrochemical Raman Spectroscopy of Air-Oxidized Semiconducting Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube Bundles in Aqueous Sulfuric Acid Solution
In
this study, we oxidized approximately 90% semiconducting, highly
crystalline single-walled carbon nanotube (hc-SWCNT) bundles in the
atmosphere at 450 °C for 30 min to obtain SWCNTs modified with
oxygen-containing functional groups and investigated not only the
influence of air oxidation on the electrochemical doping of the air-oxidized
SWCNT (AO-SWCNT) bundles in aqueous sulfuric acid solution using in
situ Raman spectroscopy, but also the relationship between the in
situ electrochemical Raman data and the properties of electric double-layered
supercapacitors (EDLSCs). By oxidizing the hc-SWCNTs in air, AO-SWCNTs
with a small diameter distribution could be prepared. When a negative
charge was applied to the AO-SWCNTs used as a working electrode in
a three-electrode electrochemical cell for in situ Raman spectroscopy,
a large downshift of the G<sup>+</sup> line of the AO-SWCNTs was observed
compared to that before air oxidation. On increasing the ratio of
small-diameter nanotubes/total nanotubes, the Raman data obtained
in situ revealed that the effect of the weakening of the C–C
bond was stronger than that of the renormalization of the phonon energy.
In contrast, in the case of applying a positive charge to the AO-SWCNTs,
the magnitude of the upshift of the G<sup>+</sup> line for the AO-SWCNTs
was slightly larger than that for the hc-SWCNTs. The influent electric
charges per unit mass and the specific capacitances of the AO-SWCNT
electrodes for the maximum magnitude of the shift of the G<sup>+</sup> line (10.7 cm<sup>–1</sup>) were 60.1 C/g and 50.1 F/g, respectively,
which are larger than those of hc-SWCNT electrodes. In situ Raman
spectroscopy is a useful method to simultaneously assess the increase
or decrease in the diameter distribution of small nanotubes and the
specific capacitances of electric double-layered supercapacitors of
chemically functionalized SWCNTs by the magnitude of the shift of
the G<sup>+</sup> line compared to unfunctionalized SWCNTs
Enantioselective α‑Benzoyloxylation of Malonic Diesters by Phase-Transfer Catalysis
A highly
enantioselective α-benzoyloxylation of malonic diester
has been achieved by phase-transfer catalysis. The reaction of α-monosubstituted <i>tert</i>-butyl methyl malonate with benzoyl peroxide in the
presence of aqueous KOH and <i>N</i>-(9-anthracenylÂmethyl)Âcinchoninium
chloride afforded the corresponding α,α-disubstituted
products in generally excellent chemical yields (up to 99% yield)
with high enantioselectivities (up to 96% ee). In addition, the utility
of this methodology was exhibited by the synthesis of a mineralocorticoid
receptor antagonist
Structural and Electrochemical Characterization of Ethylenediaminated Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Prepared from Fluorinated SWCNTs
We
prepared ethylenediaminated single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs)
from fluorinated SWCNTs by substituting fluorine groups with ethylenediamine
groups. The ethylenediaminated SWCNTs were characterized by scanning
electron microscopy (SEM), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy
(HRTEM), Raman scattering spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron
spectroscopy, Brunauer–Emmett–Teller surface area measurement
by nitrogen adsorption, contact angle measurement, zeta potential
analysis, and thermogravimetry. In addition, the properties of 30
wt % sulfuric acid aqueous electrolyte-based electric double-layer
supercapacitors (EDLSCs) with free-standing ethylenediaminated SWCNT
electrodes were investigated. The degree of ethylenediamine functionalization
was 0.603 mmol/g and 1.46 μmol/m<sup>2</sup>, and the specific
surface area was ∼413.3 m<sup>2</sup>/g. From HRTEM observation,
isolated nanotubes disentangled from the bundled SWCNTs were present
in many observed areas, and the structures retained a nanotube skeleton.
The properties of the EDLSCs with the ethylenediaminated SWCNT electrodes
included an average specific capacitance of 94 F/g at a low scan rate
of 10 mV/s and an energy density of 2.6 Wh/kg at a power density of
0.24 kW/kg. The EDLSCs exhibited an average specific capacitance of
67 F/g at a high scan rate of 1000 mV/s and an energy density of 1.3
Wh/kg at a power density of 24 kW/kg, values that were superior to
those of carboxylated SWCNT electrodes