Deacidification of hydrolysis solution by trioctylamine

A few experiments were performed for the purpose of designing the extractor of sulfuric acid from wood hydrolysis solutions. Ion exchange equilibrium of sulfuric acid between wood hydrolysis solution and kerasin solution of trioctylamine (5%, 10%,20%, 40%) were almost quantitative. After plotting the logarithmic of deacidification ratio and equivalence value of trioctylamine on graph paper, it was found that they were almost on a straight line. This experiment was carried out on the test plant of the counter current. The flooding on the counter current was caused in the region of the flow rate between 23.8 meters and 17. 49 meters a hour. The maximum flow rate evaluated by Johnson's equation was 20. 7 meters a hour. Both results agreed very well. and the best conditional flow rate was 11.4 meters a hour. The cause of amine loss on the amine recovery was examined by dispertion analysis. And in the analysis of eleven factors, amine concentration showed to be the direct cause. If we compute the results of this experiment under the best conditions, the conclution shows that the amine loss was only 0.0045% per amine in 40% trioctylamine. The recovery of amine by ammonia was experimented by test plant; the centrifugal effect and retention time were decided

Desensitization of delayed-type hypersensitivity in mice: suppressive environment

The systemic injection of high doses of antigen into a preimmunized animal results in transient unresponsiveness of cell-mediated immune responses. This phenomenon is known as desensitization. Serum interleukin 2 (IL-2) activity was found transiently in desensitized mice at 3 h after the antigen challenge. These mice could not reveal antigen nonspecific delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) 1 d after the challenge. Specific suppression of DTH was observed at later stages. Sera from 3 h desensitized mice showed suppressive effects on DTH in preo immunized mice. Administration of recombinant IL-2 into preimmunized mice led to the failure of development of DTH to antigens. These observations suggest that IL-2 plays an important role in the suppressive environment

Clusterin is a potential molecular predictor for ovarian cancer patient's survival: targeting Clusterin improves response to paclitaxel

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Clusterin is a cytoprotective chaperone protein involved in numerous physiological processes, carcinogenesis, tumor growth and tissue remodelling. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether clusterin (CLU), an antiapoptotic molecule, could be a potential predictor molecule for ovarian cancer and whether or not targeting this molecule can improve survival of ovarian cancer patients.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Clusterin expression was compared between ten primary and their recurrent tumors from same patients immunohistochemically. We analyzed prognostic significance of CLU expression in another 47 ovarian cancer tissue samples by immunohistochemistry. We used small interference RNA to knock down CLU in the chemo-resistant ovarian cancer cell lines. KF-TX and SKOV-3-TX, paclitaxel-resistant ovarian cancer cells, were established from parental KF and SKOV-3 chemo-sensitive cell lines, respectively. Either siRNA or second generation antisense oligodeoxynucleotide against CLU (OGX-011), which is currently evaluated in clinical phase II trials in other cancer s, was used to modulate sensitivity to paclitaxel (TX) in ovarian cancer cells <it>in vitro</it>. Cellular viability assay, FACS analysis and annexin V staining were used to evaluate the comparative effect of CLU knocking down in ovarian cancer cells.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Immunohistochemical analysis of CLU expression in primary ovarian cancer tissue specimens and their recurrent counterparts from same patients demonstrated higher expression of CLU in the recurrent resistant tumors compared with their primary tumors. High expression of CLU by immunohistochemistry among 47 surgical tissue specimens of early-stage (stage I/II) ovarian cancer, who underwent complete cytoreduction as a primary surgery, significantly related to poor survival, while none of other clinicopathological factors analyzed were related to survival in this patient cohort. Secretory CLU (s-CLU; 60 KDa) expression was upregulated in TX-resistant ovarian cancer cells compared to parental cells. Transfection of siRNA or OGX-011 clearly reduced CLU expression. Cell viability assay, FACS analysis and annexin V staining demonstrated that targeting CLU expression by siRNA or OGX-011 sensitized ovarian cancer cells to TX.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>We conclude that CLU could be a potential molecular target to predict survival while targeting this s-CLU may improve survival of patients with ovarian cancer.</p