Downturn and Stagnation factors of Automotive Market in Pakistan*

Pakistan has about 180 million people. More than 70% of population is under 35 years old and the average age is 20s in Pakistan. According to the report of the International Monetary Fund, the Pakistani GDP per capita will be over 1,500 USD. The economic success of BRICs is the center of public attention, but Pakistani economy is also worthy of note. Pakistan develops also one of the typical economic growth Asian countries. However, there are several policy failures in industrial policies or lacking industrial policy in Pakistan. These policy failures prevent the market mechanism working properly. In fact, Pakistan has about 180 million people. Scale of population is almost same as Indonesia and Brazil, but the vehicle holding per 1,000 persons of Pakistan is only 12 cars against 77 cars of Indonesia and 198 cars of Brazil. According to economic scale, such as population and GDP per capita, annual sales in Pakistan is too small to maintain (feed and clothe) the industry on annual sales

Transverse instability due to the space charge during the electron-cooling bunching of ion beams

A beam-tracking simulation has been done for study of the electron- cooling bunching of ion beams around a few hundred MeV/u. In the simulation, the field due to the space charge of a beam in a round vacuum chamber is calculated from the charge distribution of macro- particles and the image particles due to the macro-particles. The simulation results show that the bunched beams meet a transverse instability more easily than coasting beams. (2 refs)

Ginzburg Landau theory for d-wave pairing and fourfold symmetric vortex core structure

The Ginzburg Landau theory for d_{x^2-y^2}-wave superconductors is constructed, by starting from the Gor'kov equation with including correction terms up to the next order of ln(T_c/T). Some of the non-local correction terms are found to break the cylindrical symmetry and lead to the fourfold symmetric core structure, reflecting the internal degree of freedom in the pair potential. Using this extended Ginzburg Landau theory, we investigate the fourfold symmetric structure of the pair potential, current and magnetic field around an isolated single vortex, and clarify concretely how the vortex core structure deviates from the cylindrical symmetry in the d_{x^2-y^2}-wave superconductors.Comment: 12 pages including 8 eps figs, LaTeX with jpsj.sty & epsfi

Vortex lattice structure in a d_{x^2-y^2}-wave superconductor

The vortex lattice structure in a d_{x^2-y^2}-wave superconductor is investigated near the upper critical magnetic field in the framework of the Ginzburg Landau theory extended by including the correction terms such as the higher order derivatives derived from the Gor'kov equation. On lowering temperature, the unit cell shape of the vortex lattice gradually varies from a regular triangular lattice to a square lattice through the shape of an isosceles triangle. As for the orientation of the vortex lattice, the base of an isosceles triangle is along the a axis or the b axis of the crystal. The fourfold symmetric structure around a vortex core is also studied in the vortex lattice case. It is noted that these characteristic features appear even in the case the induced s-wave order parameter is absent around the vortex of the d_{x^2-y^2}-wave superconductivity. We also investigate the effect of the induced s-wave order parameter. It enhances (suppresses) these characteristic features of the d_{x^2-y^2}-wave superconductor when the s-wave component of the interaction is attractive (repulsive).Comment: 20 pages, RevTex, 9 figures in 3 PS-files and 5 GIF-file

Reentrant vortex lattice transformation in four-fold symmetric superconductors

The physics behind the rhombic$\to$square$\to$rhombic flux line lattice transformation in increasing fields is clarified on the basis of Eilenberger theory. We demonstrate that this reentrance observed in LuNi$_2$B$_2$C is due to intrinsic competition between superconducting gap and Fermi surface anisotropies. The calculations reproduce not only it but also predict yet not found lock-in transition to a square lattice with different orientation in higher field. In view of physical origin given, this sequence of transitions is rather generic to occur in four-fold symmetric superconductors.Comment: 5 pages, 4 figures,submitted to Phys. Rev. Let

Model calculations of the proximity effect in finite multilayers

The proximity-effect theory developed by Takahashi and Tachiki for infinite multilayers is applied to multilayer systems with a finite number of layers in the growth direction. The purpose is to investigate why previous applications to infinite multilayers fail to describe the measured data satisfactorily. Surface superconductivity may appear, depending on the thickness of the covering normal metallic N layers on both the top and the bottom. The parameters used are characteristic for V/Ag and Nb/Pd systems. The nucleation process is studied as a function of the system parameters.Comment: 12 pages, 15 figures, RevTe

骨セメント注入療法と放射線治療併用による骨転移治療の臨床的有用性に関する研究

1997.8から2003.1までに,骨転移に対して骨セメント注入による経皮的骨形成術を59例に行った。患者の内訳は,男26例,女33例,年令36〜80才(平均63才)で,原発巣は多岐にわたったが,肺癌および乳癌が17例および10例と多かった。経皮的骨形成術はCT透視を用い,59例の患者に同時性,異時性に69回の経皮的骨形成術が行われ,総数90骨に1〜15ml(平均4.3ml)の骨セメントが注入された。注入骨の内訳は椎体77,仙骨7,寛骨臼3,大腿骨2,腸骨2で,CT透視下にて穿刺及びセメント注入は臨床的合併症を起こさずに全部位に施行可能であった。1回の経皮的骨形成術にて骨セメントが注入された骨を一括として1治療部位として治療部位別に,また,それぞれの治療部位を放射線治療併用の有無によりGroup A(骨形成術単独群),Group B(骨形成術後放射線治療施行群),Group C(放射線治療後骨形成術施行群)に分け,治療法別に除痛効果判定を行った。疼痛の程度は11段階表示のVisual analogue scale(VAS)を用い,VAS scoreとして各治療前後で患者自身が自己評価した。各Groupにおける平均VAS scoreは,Group Aにおいて骨形成術前7.3,骨形成術後1.3,Group Bにおいて骨形成術前7.7,骨形成術後照射前2.1,放射線治療後0.9,Group Cにおいて放射線治療前8.0,照射後骨形成術前5.9,骨形成術後1.4と改善した。各Groupとも経皮的骨形成術後VAS scoreは有意に減少し,良好な除痛を得た。また,放射線治療はGroup Bでは経皮的骨形成術後更に有意に除痛をもたらし,Group Cでは経皮的骨形成術前に疼痛をある程度改善し,その後の経皮的骨形成術施行に有利となった。結果として,経皮的骨形成術後では61%,全治療後では77%の部位が疼痛の完全寛解を得た。経皮的骨形成術後77%の部位が24時間以内に除痛を得,治療後の疼痛の再発例が少ないのも更なる特長であった。今回の結果は,骨転移に対する経皮的骨形成術の有効性を示し,特に経皮的骨形成術と放射線治療の併用療法は骨転移に対する治療法として新しい魅力的な治療法と考えられた。Between August 1997 and January 2003, 59 patients (26 men, 33 women; aged 36-80 years, mean 63 years) underwent percutaneous osteoplasty (POP) with methacrylate bone cement for painful bone ntetastases. Most of the metastases originated from lung (17 cases) and breast (10 cases). A total of 69 osteoplasties were performed at the same or different times and a total of 90 bones (77 vertebral spines, 7 sacrums, 3 acetabulums, 2 proximal femurs and 2 iliums) were treated with POP. Osteoplasty was performed under CT fluoroscopic guidance with cement injected at a volume of 1-15ml (average 4.3ml) per single injection. All procedures were safely completed and divided into 3 groups: Group A (POP only), Group B (POP first followed by radiation therapy (RT)), Group C (RT first followed by POP). The results in terms of pain relief obtained for the treated lesions according to the treatment method were evaluated on a 10cm visual analogue scale (VAS). The mean VAS score for Group A decreased from 7.3 to 1.3 before and after POP, that for Group B from 7.7 to 2.1 before and after POP and finally to 0.9 following RT after POP. The mean VAS score for Group C decreased from 8.0 to 5.9 before and after RT and finally to 1.4 following POP after RT. As a result, complete pain relief was achieved for 61% after POP and 77% after POP and combined RT. Characteristically, pain relief was achieved within 24 hours after POP for 77% of the responding lesions and local pain recurrence was rare. The results of our study show that POP produced immediate and long-term pain relief and combining RT with POP enhanced the pain relief. Percutaneous osteoplasty combined with radiation therapy thus represents an attractive treatment procedure for patients with painful bone metastases.研究課題/領域番号:12670858, 研究期間(年度):2000-2002出典：「骨セメント注入療法と放射線治療併用による骨転移治療の臨床的有用性に関する研究」研究成果報告書　課題番号12670858 (KAKEN：科学研究費助成事業データベース（国立情報学研究所）)　　　本文データは著者版報告書より作

Anisotropy of the upper critical field in MgB2: the two-gap Ginzburg-Landau theory

The upper critical field in MgB2 is investigated in the framework of the two-gap Ginzburg-Landau theory. A variational solution of linearized Ginzburg-Landau equations agrees well with the Landau level expansion and demonstrates that spatial distributions of the gap functions are different in the two bands and change with temperature. The temperature variation of the ratio of two gaps is responsible for the upward temperature dependence of in-plane Hc2 as well as for the deviation of its out-of-plane behavior from the standard angular dependence. The hexagonal in-plane modulations of Hc2 can change sign with decreasing temperature.Comment: 6 pages, 6 figures, accepted in the European Physical Journal