Cortical regions superimposed on the T2-weighted MRI template.

<p>Insular region is ventral and not shown in the figure.</p

Regional volume decrease in the brain of <i>rSey</i>^<i>2</i>/+ rats compared to WT rats.

<p>Colored voxels represent clusters of significant regional volume decrease in the brain of <i>rSey</i>^<i>2</i>/+ rats (n = 29) compared to WT rats (n = 31) in ANOVA (FWE, <i>p</i> < 0.05; threshold of 500 voxels) superimposed on the T2-weighted MRI template. rSey²/+, Pax6 heterozygous mutant; WT, wild-type; ANOVA; analysis of variance; FWE, family-wise error.</p

Regional Volume Decreases in the Brain of <i>Pax6</i> Heterozygous Mutant Rats: MRI Deformation-Based Morphometry - Fig 5

<p><b>(A) Expression pattern of <i>Pax6</i> in rat embryo at E10.5.</b> The figure was modified from Kikkawa et al. [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0158153#pone.0158153.ref050" target="_blank">50</a>]. dte, dorsal telencephalon; di, diencephalon; me, mesencephalon; rh, rhombencephalon; vte, ventral telencephalon. <b>(B) Pax6 expression in an E14.5 mouse cortex.</b> Pax6 protein (red) is restricted to the ventricular zone (VZ), where neural progenitor cells reside; in contrast, <i>Pax6</i> is not expressed in the Tuj1-positive (blue) cortical plate (CP). The figure was modified from Osumi and Kikkawa [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0158153#pone.0158153.ref051" target="_blank">51</a>]. <b>(C) Expression pattern of <i>Pax6</i> in the adult mouse based on previously published data (Duan et al., 2013</b> [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0158153#pone.0158153.ref041" target="_blank">41</a>]; <b>Haba et al., 2009</b> [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0158153#pone.0158153.ref052" target="_blank">52</a>]; <b>Kohwi et al., 2005</b> [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0158153#pone.0158153.ref053" target="_blank">53</a>]; <b>Maekawa et al., 2005</b> [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0158153#pone.0158153.ref054" target="_blank">54</a>]). The regions with <i>Pax6</i> expression in the studies of Duan et al. and Haba et al. are shown in green, and the regions in which <i>Pax6</i> was expressed in neural stem cells/progenitor cells in the other studies are shown in red. Nomenclature and illustration of various brain regions are based on <i>The Mouse Brain in Stereotaxic Coordinates</i> (2^nd Edition) [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0158153#pone.0158153.ref055" target="_blank">55</a>]. AA, anterior amygdaloid area; AO, anterior olfactory nucleus; APT, anterior pretectal nucleus; BM/BL, basomedial/basolateral amygdaloid nucleus; Ce, central amygdaloid nucleus; CG, central gray; DG, hippocampal dentate gyrus; DR, dorsal raphe nucleus; EP, entopeduncular nucleus; EPl, external plexiform layer of the olfactory bulb; F, nucleus of the fields of Forel; GCL, granular cell layer of the cerebellum; Gl, glomerular layer of the olfactory bulb; Gr, granule cell layer of the olfactory bulb; Hb, habenular nucleus; I, intercalated nuclei of the amygdala; InC, interstitial nucleus of Cajal; LH, lateral hypothalamic area; LL, nucleus of the lateral lemniscus; LPO, lateral preoptic area; LSI, lateral septal nucleus, intermediate part; MCPC, magnocellular nucleus of the posterior commissure; Me, Medial amygdaloid nucleus; mRt, mesencephalic reticular formation; MS, medial septal nucleus; PAG, periaqueductal gray; PCom, nucleus of the posterior commissure; PDTg/LDTg, posterodorsal/laterodorsal tegmental nucleus; Pir, Piriform cortex; PL, paralemniscal nucleus; Pn, pontine nuclei; PrC, precommissural nucleus; Rt, reticular thalamic nucleus; RtTg, reticulotegmental nucleus of the pons; SubG, subgeniculate nucleus; SuVe/MVe, superior/medial vestibular nucleus; SPFPC, subparafascicular thalamic nucleus, parvicellular part; SVZ, subventricular zone; Tu, olfactory tubercle; VC/DC, ventral/dorsal cochlear nucleus; VDB/HDB, nucleus of the vertical/horizontal limb of the diagonal band; VP, ventral pallidum; VTT/DTT, ventral/dorsal tenia tecta; X, nucleus X; ZI, zona incerta.</p

Volumes of brain regions in the ROI analysis.

<p>Volumes of brain regions in the ROI analysis.</p

Volumes of the neocortical regions in the ROI analysis.

<p>Volumes of the neocortical regions in the ROI analysis.</p

Regional volume decreases in the brain of male <i>rSey</i>^<i>2</i>/+ rats compared to male WT rats.

<p>Colored voxels represent clusters of significant regional volume decreases in the brain of male <i>rSey</i>^<i>2</i>/+ rats (n = 16) compared to male WT rats (n = 16) in the post hoc analysis after ANOVA (FWE, <i>p</i> < 0.05, threshold of 500 voxels), superimposed on the T2-weighted MRI template. rSey²/+, Pax6 heterozygous mutant; WT, wild-type; ANOVA; analysis of variance; FWE, family-wise error.</p

Number of voxels in each neocortical region which showed significant volume decrease in <i>rSey</i>^<i>2</i>/+ rats compared to WT rats in voxel-by-voxel analysis (FWE, p < 0.05; threshold of 500 voxels).

<p>Number of voxels in each neocortical region which showed significant volume decrease in <i>rSey</i>^<i>2</i>/+ rats compared to WT rats in voxel-by-voxel analysis (FWE, p < 0.05; threshold of 500 voxels).</p

Number of voxels in each region which showed significant volume decrease in <i>rSey</i>^<i>2</i>/+ rats compared to WT rats in voxel-by-voxel analysis (FWE, p < 0.05; threshold of 500 voxels).

<p>Number of voxels in each region which showed significant volume decrease in <i>rSey</i>^<i>2</i>/+ rats compared to WT rats in voxel-by-voxel analysis (FWE, p < 0.05; threshold of 500 voxels).</p

Pax6 functions in development and evolution of amniote brains

This is the datasets to produce the main text figures and supplementary figures in the study of Yamashita et al.(2018).<div><br></div><div><div>The evolution of unique organ structures is associated with changes in conserved developmental programs. However, functional conservation and variation of homologous transcription factors (TFs) that dictate species-specific cellular dynamics have remained elusive. Here, we dissect shared and divergent functions of Pax6 during amniote brain development. Comparative functional analyses revealed that neurogenic function of Pax6 is highly conserved in the developing mouse and chick pallium, while stage-specific binary functions of Pax6 in neurogenesis are unique to mouse neuronal progenitors, which are consistent with temporal regulation of Notch signaling. Furthermore, we identified that Pax6-dependent enhancer activity of Dbx1 is extensively conserved between mammals and chick, although Dbx1 expression in the developing pallium are highly divergent in these species. Our results suggest that spatio-temporal changes in Pax6-dependent regulatory programs contributed to species-specific neurogenic patterns in mammalian and avian lineages, which underlie morphological divergence of amniote pallial architectures.<br></div></div