Differences in Processing Quality Traits, Protein Content and Composition between Spelt and Bread Wheat Genotypes Grown under Conventional and Organic Production

The unique rheological properties of bread wheat dough and the breadmaking quality of its flour are the main factors responsible for the global distribution and utilization of wheat. Recently, interest in the production and expansion of spelt wheat has been boosted due to its significance in the production of healthy food, mostly originated from organic production. The aim of this study was to examine and compare quality parameters (gluten content, Zeleny sedimentation volume, farinograph dough properties), protein content and composition (by the Dumas method, Size Exclusion (SE) and Reversed Phase (RP) High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) analyses) of five bread and five spelt wheat varieties grown under conventional and organic production in Hungary and under conventional production in Serbia. Most of the analyzed traits showed significant differences between varieties, wheat species and growing sites. Total protein content was significantly higher in spelt than in bread wheat and under conventional than under organic production. In comparison to spelt, bread wheat showed better breadmaking quality, characterized by a higher amount of glutenins (in particular high molecular weight glutenin subunits) and unextractable polymeric proteins. The proportion of the gliadins was also found to be different under conventional and organic systems. Spelt Ostro and Oberkulmer-Rotkorn and bread wheat varieties Balkan, Estevan and Pobeda proved suitable for low input and organic systems

Khorasan wheat – high value wheat from ancient times

In a series of already known cereals that form a basis of a healthy diet, Khorasan wheat (Triticum turanicum) has been drawing attention lately. This species was cultivated thousands of years ago in the territory of Persia and ancient Egypt and represents an antique relative of today's durum wheat. The story of rediscovery and introduction into use of Khorasan wheat under the brand Kamut started in 1949 and has several versions. According to one, Earl Dedman, US pilot stationed in Portugal, received small amount of unusual looking wheat grain found it in the old Egyptian tomb and sent it to his father in USA who multiplied the grain and called it “King Tut wheat”. This cereal has proven to be very successful and resistant to drought, gave stable yields without the use of artificial fertilizers and pesticides, and is suitable for organic production. The trademark name of it is Kamut (in old Egyptian language means “wheat”). Khorasan wheat is spring wheat, and by its nutritional value it is superior to bread wheat. Contains more proteins, fibres, oils and vitamins, more minerals and amino-acids than common wheat

Changes in allelic composition at the high molecular weight glutenin subunits of Pannonian winter wheat

The difference in the composition of the high molecular weight glutenin subunits (HMW-GS) is related to the changes in dough strength and bread wheat quality. Information about changes in the HMW-GS during the different breeding periods are valuable for adjustment of wheat quality breeding activities. Therefore, a historical set of previously and currently widely grown bread wheat cultivars was used in this study to determine HMW-GS subunits composition. Also, the standard system of designating glutenin loci, alleles and glutenin subunits was applied enabling further calculation of the HMW-GS Glu score. Results from this study showed that the composition of HMW-GS varied between wheat cultivars, period of cultivars release and country of origin

Ocena genetičke raznolikosti genotipova tvrde pšenice prema karakteristikama koje je definisao UPOV

Estimation of the level of durum wheat germplasm genetic diversity is important for its classification and efficient use in breeding programmes. The aim of this study was to assess genetic diversity of durum wheat genotypes developed at the Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops in Novi Sad, Serbia, with 26 morphological characteristics based on the International Union for Protection of New Varieties of Plants guidelines. The Shannon diversity index was used as an indicator of morphological diversity and it ranged from 0.283 for glaucosity of lower side of the flag leaf blade and density of hairiness of uppermost node of the culm, to 0.950 for the ear colour, with the mean value of 0.616, indicating a medium to high level of morphological diversity. On average, the diversity was higher for traits relating to generative organs than for those associated with vegetative plant organs. The 21 morphological characteristics were sufficient to distinguish unique profiles of all durum wheat genotypes. The estimation of varietal diversity and identification of morphological characteristics with the highest discriminative power were done by multiple correspondence analysis. The traits that contributed the most to the distinction of genotypes were the ear colouration, length of beak of the lower glume, lower glume shape, ear length of awns at tip relative to ear length and colour of awns. Morphological characterization using the traits with the highest discriminative power could be a useful complementary method for durum wheat germplasm classification and diversity analysis.Ocena genetičke raznolikosti germplazme tvrde pšenice je važna za njenu klasifikaciju i efikasno korišćenje u oplemenjivačkim programma. Cilj ovog rada bio je da se proceni genetička raznolikost genotipova tvrde pšenice stvorenih u Institutu za ratarstvo i povrtarstvo u Novom Sadu, sa 26 morfoloških osobina prema uputstvu Međunarodne unije za zaštitu novih biljnih sorti (UPOV). Šenonov indeks diverziteta je korišćen kao indikator morfološke raznolikosti i kretao se od 0,283 za prevlaku na rukavcu zastavičara i dlakavosti vršne internodije, do 0,950 za boju klasa. Prosečna vrednost Šenonovog indeksa od 0,616 ukazuje na srednje visok nivo morfološke raznolikosti. U proseku, raznovrsnost je bila veća za osobine koje se odnose na generativne biljne organe nego za vegetativne. Utvrđeno je da je 21 morfološka osobina bila dovoljna za razlikovanje jedinstvenih profila svih genotipova tvrde pšenice. Procena sortne raznolikosti i identifikacija morfoloških osobina sa najvećim diskriminativnim vrednostima je urađena pomoću višestruke korespodentne analize. Osobine koje su najviše doprinele razlikovanju genotipova su bile: boja klasa, dužina zadnje strane glume, oblik donje glume, odnos dužine osja i klasa, kao i boja osja. Morfološka karakterizacija pomoću osobina sa najvećim diskriminativnim vrednostima može biti korisna dopunska metoda za klasifikaciju i analizu diverziteta germplazme tvrde pšenice

Changes in senescence pattern related with breeding progress in winter wheat

During the past century, grain yield potential in winter wheat has been continuously improved as the result of changes in production technology and development of modern high-yielding cultivars. Previous studies of the grain yield progress in winter wheat has been mainly restricted to the analysis of changes in main grain yield determinates, such as grain weight and grain number. However, there is a lack of information about changes in stay green pattern related to breeding progress in winter wheat. Therefore, the main objective of this paper was to analyse the changes in the stay-green traits related to the grain yield improvement in a historical set of 25 winter wheat cultivars released during the last century.This Symposium honours the centenary year of the birth of academician Slavko Borojević, famous geneticist, plant breeder, agronomist and professor. It was organized by the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts - Branch in Novi Sad, Faculty of Agriculture of the University of Novi Sad, and Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops Novi Sad, and financially supported by the Provincial Secretariat for Higher Education and Scientific Research

Diversity of spelt and common wheat grown under different management based on their bioactive component composition

Wheat and other cereals are important sources of dietary fibre and antioxidants. Most of the bioactive components are found in the outer layers and aleurone layers of the seed, but also the flour contains some. The major dietary fibre components in the wheat grain are cell wall polysaccharides such as arabinoxylan and β-glucan, which account for about 70% and 20%, respectively, of the total cell wall polysaccharides in the starchy endosperm. Barley and oats are rich in β-glucan, while wheat and rye are richer in arabinoxylan. Arabinoxylan has two forms, i.e. water-soluble (WE) and insoluble (WU) fractions, which differ in their health benefits. Antioxidants (e.g., alkylresorcinol) delay or inhibit oxidation processes. Alkylresorcinol is formed in the organism and acts against free radicals, which are responsible for the cell degradation

The breeding influence on the phenology of southern Pannonian six-rowed winter barley

In order to decrease negative impact of the climate changes on grain yield production, adjustment of crop phenology with changing climate should represent important breeding objective. As result of breeding activities and changes in agro-ecological conditions, phenology of different cereal crops has been notably changed in past century. However, information about changes in duration of developmental phases of winter barley under conditions of southern Pannonian Plain are scarce. Therefore, we evaluated changes in developmental pattern in historical set of 15 six-rowed winter barley cultivars from four breeding periods, released in past 50 years. The study was conducted during two growing seasons at the experimental field of the Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops, Novi Sad, Serbia.Results from our study showed that duration of studied developmental phases varied across growing seasons and cultivars. Year of cultivar release were negatively related with duration of tillering period (r = -0.83), emergence-anthesis (r = -0.75) and total crop cycle (r = -0.69). On the other hand, modern cultivars had prolonged duration of stem elongation phase compared to the older ones

The influence of farming systems, genotype and their interaction on bioactive compound, protein and starch content of bread and spelt wheat

An increase in the production and consumption of spelt products can be associated with positive effects on human health, which are attributed to bioactive compounds present in the grain. The basic success of spelt wheat in organic farming might be explained by the fact that spelt wheat belongs to the group of hulled wheat where the presence of a husk protects the seed from abiotic and biotic stress factors, thus demanding less chemical protection. The goal of this study was to investigate the variations in the bioactive compound (alkylresorcinol, arabinoxylan, β-glucan), protein, starch and fructan content of bread and spelt wheat under different farming systems (conventional and organic). The results showed higher protein and alkylresorcinol but lower fructan content in spelt wheat. Organic spelt had significantly higher starch, fiber and alkylresorcinol content but lower β-glucan and protein content than conventionally grown spelt. The spelt variety ‘Oberkulmer-Rotkorn’ was characterized by the highest values for the majority of analyzed traits under both farming systems. Overall, the environmental conditions (Hungary and Serbia), farming systems (conventional and organic) and wheat species (bread and spelt) contributed to the variations of the compositional traits in different manners

Phenotypic diversity of the most important agronomical traits in a long-term breeding period of barley breeding in Serbia

Barley breeding program in the Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops Novi Sad has a very long tradition. The great effort focused on selecting and creating varieties with high yielding potential and good malting quality. This study aimed to analyse phenotypic variation during the historical period. The studied material consisted of 90 representative barley genotypes, which varied in a row number and growing types (6-rowed winter, 2-rowed winter and spring types) encompassing three different breeding periods. Field experiments were conducted in three growing seasons using a randomised complete block design with three replications. Eight important agronomic traits were evaluated during this period. The ANOVA showed that most of the analysed traits varied significantly between seasons, row types, and breeding periods. Comparison of three groups with different row types revealed earlier heading and flowering time of two-rowed than six-rowed types of winter barley

Correlations of heading time, chlorophyll content and grain yield in a wheat collection

Heading time significantly contributes to wheat adaptability and yield allowing drought escape during the critical developmental stages. Besides, chlorophyll content has been used to assess the level of drought stress and to predict yield. Our aim was to determine correlations among heading time, chlorophyll content and grain yield of 100 wheat genotypes from Europe, Asia and America. A field trial was performed at the Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops, Serbia using a completely randomised block design with three replications during two seasons. The relative chlorophyll index (CCI) was measured with a portable chlorophyll metre. Days to heading were calculated from January 1 to the date when the first spikelet was visible on 50% of the ears. Grain yield was determined at maturity from 5 m2 plots and calculated at 10% moisture