Determination of the economic effects in intesive production of piglets

Critical indicators of intensive production in hog raising are continuity of production, high level of produced series-tours, application of the most contemporary technological achievements without any turnover of capital, high merchandise turnover, and intensive usage of the reproduction potential of breeding material. Production of piglets represents one of the most essential phases in the production of pork meat. In spite of genetic factors, duration of interval wean-conception is one of the basic factors in determination of bringing forth indexes and number of piglets per litter. In order to recognize production costs of piglets completely we found nutrition costs for piglets and sows represent 61%, while other costs such as personal incomes, veterinary services, water, energy, losses, and amortization represent 39% of total costs. On the basis of cost price per feeding day of a sow and the number of piglets per litter, production costs of piglets older than 28 days with an average body weight of 7 kg were determined. Price cost per piglet after weaning, with 7 kg average body weight, and 146 days of reproduction process accounts for 21,78 EUR if there are 10 piglets in a litter. If the reproductive cycle would last exactly the same and if successful conception would be achieved 25 days after weaning, production cost per piglet would be 23,79 EUR

Distribucija pojave trihineloze svinja i ljudi na teritoriji Republike Srbije u periodu od 1994. do 2018. godine

Introduction. Trichinellosis is a disease in humans caused by parasites of the genus Trichinella, and these roundworms can occur in a variety of animals (over one hundred mammal species). Members of the genus Trichinella are present in almost all continents and in all climate zones. Intensive studies on the eradication of this disease have been going on for a long period, but despite the finances invested in research projects, trichinellosis is still present in the 21st century and poses a major health issue all over the world. According to current scientific estimations, there are over 27 million Trichinellainfected people in the world. The aim of our study was to determine the distribution and trends for Trichinella infection in pigs and trichinellosis in humans in Serbia between 1994 and 2018. Materials and Methods. Data for the 25-year surveillance period of Trichinella cases registered in pigs and humans in Serbia was gathered from the Veterinary Directorate and from the Institute of Public Health of the Republic of Serbia. The data obtained was analysed with the relative numbers of structure and dynamics, indices and descriptive statistical indicators. Results and Conclusions. During the research period, 14,837 pigs were diagnosed as infected with Trichinella. Out of this number, 87.31% of pigs were identified in the five epizootiological regions, and only 12.69% were diagnosed in the non-epizootiological regions in Serbia. During the period 1994-2018 in Serbia, a total of 6,850 people were treated for Trichinella infection. Out of this number, 4,153 (60.63%) people were from the five epizootiological regions. The trend-line describing the presence of Trichinella in pigs was defined by a fourth degree polynomial function. Meanwhile, the trendline describing the presence of trichinellosis in humans was defined by a sixth degree polynomial function. Trichinellosis in Serbia is most common during the winter season, from December to March.Uvod. Trihineloza je zajednička bolest životinja i ljudi (više od sto vrsta sisara) uzrokovana parazitima koji pripadaju rodu Trichinella. Pripadnici ovog roda nađeni su na gotovo svim kontinentima i u svim klimatskim oblastima. Dugi niz godina traju intenzivna istraživanja na suzbijanju ove parazitoze, ali i pored velikog broja istraživanja i velikih novčanih sredstava uloženih u projekte za kontrolu i eradikaciju trihineloze, ona i u 21. veku predstavlja ozbiljan zdravstveni problem gotovo u celom svetu. Na osnovu procena nekih naučnika danas je u svetu parazitom Trichinella spp. zaraženo oko 27 miliona ljudi. Cilj našeg istraživanja bio je da se u periodu od 1994. do 2018. godine, ustanovi distribucija pojave treihineloze kod svinja i kod ljudi na teritoriji Republike Srbije, kao i da se uradi analiza trenda pojave ove bolesti kod ljudi i životinja. Materijal i metode. Podaci prijavljenih slučajeva trihineloze u populaciji svinja i ljudi tokom dvadesetpetogodisnjeg perioda preuzeti su iz Uprave za veterinu i Instituta za javno zdravlje Republike Srbije. Podaci su analizirani primenom relativnih brojeva struktura i dinamike, procentima kao i opisnim statističkim parametrima. Rezultati i zaključak. Za vreme trajanja istraživanja na teritoriji Republike Srbije dijagnostikovano je ukupno 14.837 obolelih svinja, od tog broja na analiziranim epizootiološkim područjima dijagnostikovano je 87,31% obolelih svinja, a na ostaloj teritoriji Srbije samo 12,69%. Za ceo ispitivani period obolelo je ukupno 6.850 građana Srbije. Od tog broja 4.153 građana je obolelo na teritoriji analiziranih epizootioloških područja, što predstavlja 60,63% od svih obolelih građana na teritoriji Srbije. Najbolje prilagođena linija trenda pojave trihineloze kod svinja je polinom četvrtog stepena, dok je najbolje prilagođena linija pojave trihineloze kod ljudi polinom šestog stepena. Trihineloza se kod ljudi najčešće javlja u periodu od decembra do marta

Kontrola štetnih glodara

Background. Rodent pests are natural reservoirs and vectors of a vast array of human and animal diseases caused by bacteria, rickettsia, viruses, protozoans, fungi and some parasites. The most important risk factor for human infection with Trichinella is the rearing of pigs on small farms and by rural households, if rodent pest control is not conducted regularly. Rodent pests cause economic losses by consuming, contaminating and/or damaging foods intended for human or animal consumption. Scope and Approach. The aim of this work is to point out the epidemiological and epizootiological importance of regular rodent control, and the importance of integrated use of all measures in deratization, as well as mistakes which can be made in implementing this procedure. Key Findings and Conclusions. The control of populations of pest synanthropic and hemisynanthropic rodents is a very complex and delicate task to carry out. Given all characteristics of the majority of rodent pest species, e.g. high reproductive potential, extraordinary adaptation to life in a variety of habitats and ability to develop resistance to anticoagulant rodenticides, the issue of controlling the number of rodent pests is considerably more problematic than it might seem at first glance. Therefore, appropriate scientific and professional knowledge is necessary to accomplish effective rodent control, which if done improperly, can have far-reaching negative consequences for human populations, non-target species and workers performing the task.Uvod. Štetni glodari su prirodni rezervoari, ali i prenosioci uzročnika čitavog niza bolesti na čoveka i životinje izazvanih bakterijama, rikecijama, virusima, protozoama, parazitima i gljivicama. Najveći faktor rizika za infekciju ljudi trihinelom su svinje uzgajane na manjim farmama i u seoskim domaćinstvima u kojima se deratizacija ne sprovodi redovno. Štetni glodari nanose ekonomske štete konzumirajući, zagađujući ili oštećujući hranu namenjenu ljudskoj ishrani i ishrani domaćih životinja. Cilj i pristup. Cilj ovog rada je da ukaže na epidemiloško - epizootiloški i ekonomski značaj redovnog sprovođenja deratizacije, kao i na značaj integrisanog korišćenja svih mera u deratizaciji, kao i propusta koji nastaju tokom sprovođenja deratizacije. Ključni nalazi i zaključak. Suzbijanje i kontrola brojnosti populacija štetnih sinantropnih i hemisinantropnih glodara predstavlja izuzetno složen i delikatan zadatak. Ako se imaju u vidu osobenosti većine vrsta štetnih glodara, kao na primer visok potencijal reprodukcije, izuzetna prilagođenost životu u najrazličitijim uslovima staništa i postizanje rezinstencije na neke rodenticide iz I generacije antikoagulanasa,problem kontrole brojnosti štetnih glodara je znatno složeniji nego što na prvi pogled izgleda. Zbog svega navedenog, za izvođenje akcije deratizacije potrebno je odgovarajuće teorijsko i praktično naučno-stručno znanje jer nestručno sprovedena deratizacija može imati nesagledive negativne posledice kako za stanovništvo i neciljane vrste, tako i za same izvođače

Efekti primene programa kontrole trihineloze na endemskom području u Srbiji

Trichinellosis is a disease that affects both humans and animals, caused by a parasite from the Trichinellidae family and Trichinella genus. Humans get infected by consuming infected and inadequately thermally treated meat from domestic or wild animals containing cocooned infective larvae of T. spiralis. Aside from health problems caused by trichinellosis as a zoonosis, there is no doubt that it represents a serious economic problem for swine meat producers. The research in this paper has been performed in Serbia, in a region which is located at the confluence of two large rivers, and it is the geographical location which makes it an endemic area for the presence of T. spiralis. Epidemiological data pertains to the period of 1995-2003, but also to the period 2003-2009, when the implementation of the program for control and eradication of trichinellosis was complete. The diagnostic testing of cadavers of slaughtered swine for the presence of T. spiralis in the period of 1995-2003 included 41.04% of the slaughtered swine, out of which 0.4281% were positive, and the amount of economic loss was 95301000 dinars or about one million EUR. The infection was confirmed in 432 patients during the research period. The preparation of the program for the control and eradication of trichinellosis has been made in accordance with applicable laws and technological standards, with a clear determination of input and output using a cost-benefit analysis. The effects of its application show a reduction in the number of swine which are positive for the presence of T. spiralis by a factor of three times (p lt 0.01), and the present net value (PNV) and the benefit/cost ratio (B/C) show economic and epidemiological justification.Trihineloza je zajedničko oboljenje ljudi i životinja koje izaziva parazit koji pripada familiji Trichinellidae i rodu Trichinella. Čovek se zarazi tako što konzumira zaraženo, nedovoljno termički obrađeno meso domaćih i divljih životinja u kojima se nalazi učaurena infektivna larva T. spiralis. Pored zdravstvenih problema koje izaziva trihineloza kao zoonoza, nesumljivo je da ona predstavlja i ozbiljan ekonomski problem za proizvođača svinjskog mesa. Ova istraživanja su izvršena u Srbiji na teritoriji jednog regiona koji se nalazi u slivu dve velike reke, i zbog takvog geografskog položaja predstavlja endemsko područje za prisustvo T. spiralis. Epidemiološki podaci se odnose na period 1995-2003. godine, kao i na period 2003- 2009. godine kada je izvršena implementacija programa kontrole i eradikacije trihineloze. Dijagnostičkim ispitivanjem trupova zaklanih svinja na prisustvo T. spiralis u periodu 1995-2003. godina obuhvaćeno je 41.04% zaklanih svinja od čega je bilo 0.4281% pozitivnih svinja, a visina ekonomskih gubitaka iznosila je 95 301 000 dinara ili oko milion EUR-a. U toku posmatranog perioda obolele su 432 osobe. Izrada programa za kontrolu i eradikaciju trihineloze izvršena je na osnovu važećih zakona i tehnoloških standarda, uz jasnu determinaciju 'inputa' i 'outputa' pomoću 'cost-benefit' analize. Efekti njegove primene pokazuju smanjenje broja pozitivnih svinja na prisustvo T. spiralis za tri puta (p lt 0,01), a neto sadašnja vrednost (PNV) i odnos koristi i troškova (B/C) pokazuju ekonomsku i epidemiološku opravdanost

Veterinarski informacioni menadžment sistem (VIMS) u procesu prijavljivanja i menadžmenta zaraznih bolesti

A prerequisite to the development of an efficient animal health, food safety and traceability management system in the animal food production chain is the implementation of an integrated veterinary informational management system (VIMS) capable for the capture, storage, analysis and retrieval of data and providing the opportunity for the cumulative gathering of the knowledge and capability for its competent interpretation. Such a system will enable collecting appropriate data, including quality management and inspection controls, from all establishments and commodities in the 'from farm to fork' food production chain (farms, holdings, slaughterhouses, laboratories, traders etc.) in a structured, predefined format, and facilitate competent analyses and reporting of such data, as well as the improvement of the existing programs and strategies. The role of information system in animal disease diagnosis, surveillance and notification, control of national and international trade of commodities, food safety management, investigation of diseases, predictive microbiology and quantitative risk assessment is of great importance for the quality of veterinary service. Integral part of the VIMS is animal disease notification system designed according to and in compliance with international requirements, standards and recommendation and able to exchange relevant information with similar information systems. The aim of this contribution is to describe national animal disease notification system which is in place in Serbia as a part of VIMS.Preduslov za uspostavljanje efikasnog sistema menadžmenta zdravstvene zaštite životinja, bezbednosti hrane i sledljivosti u lancu proizvodnje hrane je uvođenje integrisanog veterinarskog informacionog menadžment sistema (VIMS) razvijenog na takav način da omogući prikupljanje, čuvanje, analizu i povlačenje podataka i obezbedi kumulativno skupljanje saznanja i njihovu stručnu interpretaciju. Takav sistem će omogućiti prikupljanje podataka, uključujući one iz upravljanja kvalitetom i u okviru inspekcijskih kontrola, od svih objekata u sistemu proizvodnje hrane 'od farme do viljuške' (farme, gazdinstva, klanice, laboratorije, lica koja se bave prometom i dr.) u strukturirano, unapred definisanom obliku, i obezbediti kompetentnu analizu takvih podataka kao i unapređenje postojećih programa i strategija. Uloga informacionih sistema u dijagnostici, nadzoru i prijavljivanju zaraznih bolesti, kontroli unutrašnjeg i međunarodnog prometa, upravljanju bezbednošću hrane, istraživanju žarišta zaraznih bolesti, prediktivnoj mikrobiologiji i kvantitativnoj analizi rizika je od izuzetnog značaja za kvalitet veterinarske službe. Sastavni deo VIMS-a je sistem za prijavljivanje zaraznih bolesti dizajniran prema i u saglasnosti sa međunarodnim zahtevima, standardima i preporukama i osposobljen da vrši razmenu određenih podatka sa sličnim informacionim sistemima. Cilj ovog rada je da se opiše nacionalni sistem za prijavljivanje zaraznih bolesti koji je u Srbiji u primeni kao deo VIMS-a

Tendencies in swine industry of Serbia though prism of economic indicators during the period of 2001-2014

У раду су разматране тенденциjе кретања броjа свиња по категориjама, производним показатељима, као и економским резултатима пословања у свињарству Србиjе у периоду од 2001. до 2014. године. Анализираjући броj свиња, може се установити да jе просечан броj свиња у Републици Србиjи био 3.484.000 са варирањем од 3.139.000 (2012) до 3.990.000 (2006. год.). Установљено jе да jе просечан броj прасади у испитиваном период био 1.138.000±167.200 грла, а просечан броj товних свиња био jе 1.936.000±175.100 грла. При анализи тенденциjе кретања укупног броjа свиња, броjа прасади и броjа товних свиња установљава се тренд са просечним годишњим смањењем од 1.165 грла прасади и смањењем броjа товних свиња од 4.248. Анализираjући кретање цена прасади у испитиваном периоду установљава се да jе она била просечно 1,90±0,37 евра, просечна цена товљеника у истом периоду била jе 1,36±0,27 евра. Анализираjући везу између цене кукуруза и цене прасади добиjамо негативан и низак коефициjент корелациjе (rxy=-0,40), што указуjе на малу и негативну зависност цене прасади у односу на промену цене кукуруза. Утицаj цене кукуруза на цену товних свиња готово jе занемарљив (rxy =0,18). Нешто већи и позитиван утицаj има промена цене товљеника на повећање цене прасади (rxy =0,57). Негативни коефициjенти економичности били су у 2002, 2003, 2006, 2007. и 2010. години.The paper considers with the tendency of changes in the number of pigs by categories, production indices, as well as the economic results of business in the swine production industry of Serbia in the period from 2001. to 2014. Analyzing the number of pigs, it may be found that the average number of pigs in the Republic of Serbia was 3,484,000 ranged from 3,139,000 (2012.) to 3.990.000 (2006). It was found that the average number of piglets in the tested period was 1,138,000±167,200, and the average number of fattening pigs was 1,936,000±175,100. When analyzing the tendencies of changes in the total number of pigs, piglets number and fattening pigs number we obtain trend with an average annual reduction of 1,165 piglets and reducing the number of fattening pigs of 4,248. Analyzing the price movements of pigs in the tested period, it can be established that it was 1.90±0.37 euros, average price of fattening pigs in the same period was 1.36±0.27 euros. Analyzing the relationship between the corn price and price of pigs we get negative and low correlation coefficient (rxy = -0.40), indicating small negative and dependency rates of piglets in relation to the price of corn. Impact of corn prices on the price of fattening pigs is almost insignificant (rxy = 0.18). Slightly larger and positive influence had a price change of fattening pigs to the price increase of piglets (rxy = 0.57). The negative economy coefficients were in 2002, 2003, 2006, 2007. and 2010

Ekonomski i društveni značaj kontrole zdravlja životinja Na nacionalnom nivou

This paper is pointed on significant of animal health control on national level as one of the conditions for the improvement of cattle production. By undertaking the corresponding legal and Economic state makes effort to ensure macro conditions for normal practice of veterinary service. In order to avoid the phenomenon of larger economic loses, the current diagnostic methods and measures in detecting, prevention and eradication of dangerous infective disease are used. The use of cost-benefit analysis, by elaborating the consistent programs for eradication of disease, create the conditions for convenient epidemiological situation in state and production of hygienic food of animal origin and therewith their social estimation.U radu se ukazuje na značaj kontrole zdravlja životinja na nacionalnom nivou kao jednom od uslova za unapređenje stočarske proizvodnje. Preduzimanjem odgovarajućih zakonskih i ekonomskih mera država pokušava da obezbedi makro uslove za normalan rad veterinarske službe, kako bi se primenom savremenih dijagnostičkih metoda i mera u otkrivanju, sprečavanju i eradikaciji opasnih zaraznih bolesti sprečila pojava nastanka većih ekonomskih šteta. Primenom cost-benefit analize pri izradi konzistentnih programa za eradikaciju bolesti, stvaraju se uslovi za povoljnu epidemiološku situaciju u zemlji i proizvodnju zdravstveno bezbedne hrane animalnog porekla, a samim tim i njihova društvena evaluacija

Kontrola leptospiroze na farmi svinja sa intenzivnim uzgojem

Leptospirosis is an infective disease which represents serious health and economic problems in pig raising. The disease is caused by bacteria from genus Leptospira interrogans, which has over 250 serotypes and is isolated from most animal species and also from humans in almost every country in the world. In farm conditions the disease is seldom manifested as a clinically apparent illness. More often is manifested as reduced conception rate increased abortion rate and increased birth of dead and non-vital piglets. The leptospirosis control and eradication program was made for a state owned farm with a capacity of about 1500 sows and over 30000 fattened animals per year. The farm had an on going endemic leptospirosis infection and subsequent progressive economic losses. We detected 29,80% seropositive sows and gilts in which serotypes pomona and icterhaemorrhagiae were isolated. Serologic examination of blood was performed again after program implementation, and no positive animals were found, while production and economic results were improved. The control of leptospirosis and the eradication program for a five-year period were based on detailed quantification of economics losses. Using cost-benefit analysis the necessary inputs and planned outputs were defined, and program evolution was made on the basis of net present value and benefit/cost ratio.Leptospiroza svinja kao infektivna bolest dovodi do ozbiljnih zdravstvenih i ekonomskiih problema u razvoju svinjarstva. Bolest izaziva bakterija iz roda Leptospira koja ima preko 250 serotipova i dijagnostikovana je kod većeg broja životinja i ljudi u skoro svim zemljama sveta. Pojava bolesti na farmi se retko manifestuje u vidu jasno izraženih kliničkih simptoma, a znatno češće u vidu reproduktivnih poremećaja koji se ogledaju u smanjenoj koncepciji krmača i nazimica, povećavanju abortusa i rađanju mrtve i avitalne prasadi. Ispitivanja su izvršena na jednoj državnoj farmi kapaciteta oko 1 500 krmača i 30 000 tovljenika godišnje. Pregledom krvnih seruma krmača i nazimica ustanovljeno je prisustvo specifičnih antitela serotipa L. pomona i L. icterohaemorrhagiae kod 29,80% ispitivanih grla. Na osnovu detaljne analize ekonomskih šteta primenom cost-benefit analize urađen je program kontrole i eradikacije leptospiroze svinja za period od pet godina. Pri izradi programa definisani su potrebni inputi i autputi, a ocena programa izvršena je na osnovu neto sadašnje vrednosti i odnosa dobiti i troškova. Posle implementacije programa izvršen je serološki pregled krvi i nije utvrđeno ni jedno pozitivno grlo, a proizvodno ekonomski rezultati su značajno poboljšani