Gemenskap i familjehem- En kvalitativ studie om gemenskap med placerade barn

Genom kvalitativa intervjuer har jag undersökt vilket ansvar familjehem anser att de har för placerat barn. Jag har avgränsat arbetet till att intervjua fem familjehem som har fått uppdraget av Malmö kommun. Syftet med uppsatsen har varit att få kunskap om vad familjehem är, detta genom bland annat utbildning av Malmö kommun för familjehem. För att få svar på mina frågeställningar har jag intervjuat familjehem. Med hjälp av Byråkrati teori samt teorierna Gesellschaft och Gemeinschaft har jag analyserat resultatet. Resultatet var varierande, vissa familjehem ansåg placerade barn som jobb, därmed har de ingen djupare relation med barnen medan vissa ansåg placerade barnen som sina egna. Gemensamt för familjehemmen är att alla får arvode för uppdraget som familjehem oavsett om de anser placerade barnen som sina egna eller inte. Slutsatsen är att det finns kombination av Gemeinschaft och Gesellschaft

Designing a Valid and Reliable Tool for Assessing Academic Educational Environment in Health Schools of Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences

Background & Objective: Educational environment is an important determinant in success of a curriculum. The quality of educational environment is one of the elements of effective learning. The aim of this study was designing a valid and reliable tool for assessing academic educational environment in schools of health. Methods: Using a theoretical sampling method, eight students and three faculty members of School of Health, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences (Iran) were interviewed and 81 items related to educational environment were extracted. These items were classified in six domains including school atmosphere, teaching, faculty members, students, educational equipments and facilities, and physical environment. Expert panels and assessing item impact were used to determine face validity, and content validity ratio and index were used to determine content validity of the tool. To determine its construct validity, 250 students in completed the questionnaires and confirmatory factor analysis was applied. Reliability of the tool was determined by Cronbach’s Alpha and intracluster correlation coefficient. Results: Due to expert panel and calculating item impact, and content validity ratio and index, the tool items decreased from 81 to 56. The results of confirmatory factor analysis showed that all of factor loadings were significant in level of 0.05. Cronbach’s Alpha for total items was 0.94 and for six domains ranged from 0.65 to 0.85. Moreover, intracluster correlation coefficient for total items was 0.94. Conclusion: The designed tool has good validity and reliability and can be used as a suitable tool for assessing academic educational environment in schools of health. Keywords Educational environment School of health Questionnaire Validity Reliabilit

Inhibition of AP-1 signaling by JDP2 overexpression protects cardiomyocytes against hypertrophy and apoptosis induction

AimsExpression and activity of the transcription factor AP-1 are enhanced during cardiac remodelling and heart failure progression. In order to test if AP-1 inhibition may limit processes contributing to cardiac remodelling, ventricular cardiomyocytes of mice with cardiac overexpression of the AP-1 inhibitor JDP2 were analysed under stimulation of hypertrophy, apoptosis, or contractile function.Methods and resultsThree models of JDP2 overexpressing mice were analysed: JDP2 was overexpressed either life-long, for 7 weeks, or 1 week. Then cardiomyocytes were isolated and stimulated with β-adrenoceptor agonist isoprenaline (ISO, 50 nM). This enhanced cross-sectional area and the rate of protein synthesis in WT but not in JDP2 overexpressing cardiomyocytes. To induce apoptosis, cardiomyocytes were stimulated with 3 ng/mL TGFβ1. Again, JDP2 overexpression prevented apoptosis induction compared with WT cells. Determination of contractile function under electrical stimulation at 2 Hz revealed enhancement of cell shortening, and contraction and relaxation velocities under increasing ISO concentrations (0.3-30 nM) in WT cells. This inotropic effect was abrogated in JDP2 overexpression cells. Responsiveness to increased extracellular calcium concentrations was also impaired in JDP2 overexpressing cardiomyocytes. Simultaneously, a reduction of SERCA expression was found in JDP2 mice.ConclusionA central role of AP-1 in the induction of hypertrophy and apoptosis in cardiomyocytes is demonstrated. Besides these protective effects of AP-1 inhibition on factors of cardiac remodelling, AP-1-inhibition impairs contractile function. Therefore, AP-1 acts as a double-edged sword that mediates mal-adaptive cardiac remodelling, but is required for maintaining a proper contractile function of cardiomyocytes. © 2013 Published on behalf of the European Society of Cardiology. All rights reserved. © The Author 2013

Macrophage-Stimulated Cardiac Fibroblast Production of IL-6 Is Essential for TGF β/Smad Activation and Cardiac Fibrosis Induced by Angiotensin II

Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is an important cytokine participating in multiple biologic activities in immune regulation and inflammation. IL-6 has been associated with cardiovascular remodeling. However, the mechanism of IL-6 in hypertensive cardiac fibrosis is still unclear. Angiotensin II (Ang II) infusion in mice increased IL-6 expression in the heart. IL-6 knockout (IL-6-/-) reduced Ang II-induced cardiac fibrosis: 1) Masson trichrome staining showed that Ang II infusion significantly increased fibrotic areas of the wild-type mouse heart, which was greatly suppressed in IL-6-/- mice and 2) immunohistochemistry staining showed decreased expression of α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1) and collagen I in IL-6-/- mouse heart. The baseline mRNA expression of IL-6 in cardiac fibroblasts was low and was absent in cardiomyocytes or macrophages; however, co-culture of cardiac fibroblasts with macrophages significantly increased IL-6 production and expression of α-SMA and collagen I in fibroblasts. Moreover, TGF-β1 expression and phosphorylation of TGF-β downstream signal Smad3 was stimulated by co-culture of macrophages with cardiac fibroblasts, while IL-6 neutralizing antibody decreased TGF-β1 expression and Smad3 phosphorylation in co-culture of macrophage and fibroblast. Taken together, our results indicate that macrophages stimulate cardiac fibroblasts to produce IL-6, which leads to TGF-β1 production and Smad3 phosphorylation in cardiac fibroblasts and thus stimulates cardiac fibrosis

Cardiomyocyte-specific inactivation of thyroid hormone in pathologic ventricular hypertrophy: an adaptative response or part of the problem?

Recent studies in various rodent models of pathologic ventricular hypertrophy report the re-expression of deiodinase type 3 (D3) in cardiomyocytes. D3 inactivates thyroid hormone (T3) and is mainly expressed in tissues during development. The stimulation of D3 activity in ventricular hypertrophy and subsequent heart failure is associated with severe impairment of cardiac T3 signaling. Hypoxia-induced signaling appears to drive D3 expression in the hypertrophic cardiomyocyte, but other signaling cascades implicated in hypertrophy are also capable of stimulating transcription of the DIO3 gene. Many cardiac genes are transcriptionally regulated by T3 and impairment of T3 signaling will not only reduce energy turnover, but also lead to changes in gene expression that contribute to contractile dysfunction in pathologic remodeling. Whether stimulation of D3 activity and the ensuing local T3-deficiency is an adaptive response of the stressed heart or part of the pathologic signaling network leading to heart failure, remains to be established

Designing a model of implementing Strategic Entrepreneurial Marketing in production cooperatives of Ilam province Using Meta-Synthesis

Despite the rich literature on entrepreneurial marketing in various texts, the nature of research in the field of cooperative businesses with different cultural and economic burden has undergone major changes and the existing patterns and models of entrepreneurial marketing do not explain well the entrepreneurial marketing methods of these businesses. Therefore, the main purpose of this study is to identify the implementation model of strategic entrepreneurial marketing in production cooperatives. This study, in terms of purpose, is considered as an applied research and it is a qualitative research in terms of data collection method. To identify the pattern of strategic entrepreneurial marketing implementation in production cooperatives, 124 articles were reviewed, of which 26 articles were selected for the final analysis using the Critical Assessment Skills Program. In this study, first 298 indicators of strategic entrepreneurial marketing were identified and classified into 46 concepts and 12 categories. Shannon entropy method was used to determine the weight of the indices. On the basis of the research findings, the main dimensions of entrepreneurial marketing implementation include strategic marketing thinking, intra-organizational factors, strategic planning, target market selection, network of communication-organizational capabilities, entrepreneur-centered marketing strategies, strategic requirements, entrepreneurial requirements, Systematic support for cooperatives management, market entry methods, market research and consumer behavior analysis, and market control and evaluation. Finally, it can be concluded that managers of production cooperatives can use the results of this study to identify new customers and their diverse needs, increase market share and create a competitive advantage