Détermination de l’importance relative des différentes espèces d’oiseaux, hôtes principales pour la transmission du virus du Nil occidental dans le sud du Québec

Le virus du Nil occidental (VNO) est un arbovirus principalement transmis par les moustiques. Le cycle de transmission enzootique implique généralement une variété d’espèces d’oiseaux sur lesquelles se nourrissent de façon préférentielle divers moustiques, les principaux vecteurs enzootiques au Québec étant les moustiques du genre Culex (c’est-à-dire Culex pipiens et Cx. restuans). Des cas d’infection humaine par le VNO surviennent sporadiquement chaque année au Québec et on sait peu de choses sur les facteurs qui déterminent l’ampleur des éclosions chez les humains. Malgré l’existence de nombreuses études sur le virus du Nil occidental (VNO) aux États-Unis, y compris sur le rôle de réservoir des espèces d’oiseaux, et sur les changements alimentaires du moustique Culex (des oiseaux vers les mammifères), peu d'études équivalentes existent dans les régions voisines du Canada où le VNO est endémique. Ce travail vise à déterminer l’importance relative des différentes espèces d’oiseaux dans la transmission du VNO dans le sud du Québec. Nous nous sommes concentrés sur les espèces aviaires du corridor de migration de l’Atlantique Est (selon la base de données Avibase). Les espèces d’oiseaux ont ensuite été triées et sélectionnées en fonction de ce qui suit : 1) les taux de mortalité aviaire dus au VNO signalés dans les données de surveillance locale du Réseau canadien pour la santé de la faune, 2) la séroprévalence et la compétence des réservoirs du VNO en Amérique du Nord (d’après la littérature), 3) les estimations locales de la densité des oiseaux (d’après les données ebird) et 4) les données d’une étude sur les repas sanguins de Culex pipiens / Cx. restuans saisies entre 2008 et 2013 chez des moustiques de la région de Montréal. L’analyse a généré une liste de 67 espèces d’oiseaux potentiellement impliquées dans la circulation du VNO dans notre zone d’étude et nous avons émis des hypothèses quant à la contribution relative à l’amplification du VNO. Cette étude permettra de mieux comprendre les facteurs susceptibles d’influencer la circulation du VNO dans le sud du Québec et sera utile aux futures études de modélisation de la transmission enzootique du VNO.West Nile virus (WNV) is an arbovirus that is primarily transmitted by mosquitoes. The enzootic transmission cycle typically involves a variety of bird species and mosquitoes that preferentially feed upon them. The main enzootic vectors in Québec are mosquitoes in the genus Culex (i.e., Culex pipiens and Cx. restuans). Cases of WNV occur sporadically each year in Québec and little is known about the factors that drive the magnitude of human outbreaks. Despite many studies on West Nile Virus (WNV) in the US, including the reservoir role of bird species and the summer shifts of the Culex mosquito, feeding from birds to mammals, there have been few equivalent studies in the neighboring regions of Canada where WNV is endemic. Birds are considered the main hosts of WNV amplification and dispersion. In this study, we aim to determine the relative importance of different bird species in WNV transmission in southern Quebec. We focused on the East Atlantic migration corridor of different avian species (according to the Avibase database). Bird species were then sorted and selected according to : 1) rates of avian mortality from WNV reported in local surveillance data from the Canadian Wildlife Health Cooperative; 2) seroprevalence and reservoir competence for WNV in North America (from the literature); 3) local bird density estimates (from ebird data), and 4) data from a blood meal analysis study on Culex pipiens/Cx.restuans mosquitoes captured between 2008 and 2013 in Montreal region. The analysis generated a list of 67 bird species potentially involved in the circulation of WNV in our study area and hypotheses were generated regarding the relative contribution to WNV amplificationThis study will improve our understanding of the factors that may impact WNV circulation in southern Québec and will be useful to future modelling studies of enzootic WNV transmission

Bird species involved in west nile virus epidemiological cycle in southern Québec

Despite many studies on West Nile Virus (WNV) in the US, including the reservoir role of bird species and the summer shifts of the Culex mosquito, feeding from birds to mammals, there have been few equivalent studies in the neighboring regions of Canada where WNV is endemic. Here, a priority list of bird species likely involved in WNV transmission in the greater Montréal area is constructed by combining three sources of data: (i) from WNV surveillance in wild birds (2002–2015); (ii) blood meal analysis of Culex pipiens–restuans (CPR), the primary enzootic vectors of WNV in the region, collected from surveillance in 2008 and 2014; (iii) literature review on the sero-prevalence/host competence of resident birds. Each of these data sources yielded 18, 23 and 53 species, and overall, 67 different bird species were identified as potential WNV amplifiers/reservoirs. Of those identified from CPR blood meals, Common starlings, American robins, Song sparrows and House sparrows ranked the highest and blood meal analysis demonstrated a seasonal shift in feed preference from birds to mammals by CPR. Our study indicates that there are broad similarities in the ecology of WNV between our region and the northeastern US, although the relative importance of bird species varies somewhat between regions

Bird Species Involved in West Nile Virus Epidemiological Cycle in Southern Québec

Despite many studies on West Nile Virus (WNV) in the US, including the reservoir role of bird species and the summer shifts of the Culex mosquito, feeding from birds to mammals, there have been few equivalent studies in the neighboring regions of Canada where WNV is endemic. Here, a priority list of bird species likely involved in WNV transmission in the greater Montréal area is constructed by combining three sources of data: (i) from WNV surveillance in wild birds (2002–2015); (ii) blood meal analysis of Culex pipiens–restuans (CPR), the primary enzootic vectors of WNV in the region, collected from surveillance in 2008 and 2014; (iii) literature review on the sero-prevalence/host competence of resident birds. Each of these data sources yielded 18, 23 and 53 species, and overall, 67 different bird species were identified as potential WNV amplifiers/reservoirs. Of those identified from CPR blood meals, Common starlings, American robins, Song sparrows and House sparrows ranked the highest and blood meal analysis demonstrated a seasonal shift in feed preference from birds to mammals by CPR. Our study indicates that there are broad similarities in the ecology of WNV between our region and the northeastern US, although the relative importance of bird species varies somewhat between regions