Electron emission characterization of laser-induced gaseous plasma

Laser induced hydrogen plasma has been investigated as a source of electrons. The energy, temperature and flux of the electrons have been determined by using two different temporal detectors; Faraday cup and Rogowski coil. The energy, temperature and flux were measured from the electrons extracted from laser induced hydrogen plasma. The Rogowski coil has been used for measurement of flux and current whereas Faraday cup has been used to determine the current density in laser induced plasma. The energy and temperature of the electrons are measured by the time of flight method in the range of 1.23 - 5.04 keV and 2516.26 eV, respectively. The flux of the electrons has been measured ≈ 1015 by Rogowski coil and the maximum current has been measured to be 39.6 kA. The current density has been measured by the Faraday cup ranges from 20 Am-2 to 23 Am-2

Spectroscopic studies of laser generated plasma X-rays and their effects on polymeric materials

Surface modification of polymers by X-rays produced from laser plasma can put a wide range of changes and are magnificently used in effectively all industries ranging from coatings, semiconductors, household appliances, automotive, and biomedical implants. Polymeric materials commonly have outstanding bulk physical and chemical properties. Different properties like electrical, chemical and physical properties can be modify when an extreme dose of X-rays is exposed on the surface of polymers. Currently X-rays are irradiated on the surface of two different polymers including polypropylene and polyethylene. These X-rays are detected with pin photodiode (BPX-65), generated from laser generated Cu plasma where Nd: YAG laser (1064 nm, 10 mJ) is focused on copper. Polymer surface is exposed to X-rays by different shots of laser which are varied from 100 to 400 with a gap of 100. Morphological structure has been studied by using optical microscopy and four point probes are used for studying the resistivity and conductivity. It has been observed that irradiation of X-rays from laser produced plasma produce changes in the bonding structure of polymers due to cross linking and chain-seasoning which are highly responsible for breakage or formation of a bond. A similar type of a result is deduced from four-point probe method that the resistivity of polymers is decreased due to the breakage of the H-C bond

Frequency of side effects of sofosbuvir and daclatsavir in patients of chronic Hepatitis C

Objective: To evaluate side effects of direct acting antivirals for hepatitis C patients.Study Design: Descriptive case series.Setting: Hepatitis Clinic, Medical Unit II, Jinnah Hospital Lahore.Duration Of Study: three months starting from 1st Dec 2018 to 28th Feb 2019. Subjects And Methods: Forty patients meeting the inclusion criteria were included in the study. All patients were then given direct anti-virals for a period of three months. Patients were called after every four weeks and observed for the presence of side effects like fever, fatigue, malaise, generalized weakness, myalgia, nausea and vomiting. Data was entered and analyzed in SPSS version ver.21.0. Frequency and percentages were calculated for demographic and clinical profile and side effects. Mean and Standard deviation was calculated for biochemical values at base line and end of therapy. Chi-square test was used to assess side effects among age, gender and duration of disease and paired t test for biochemical parameters with p < .05 as statistical significance. Results: Mean age of the patients was 39 years + 11.6. Fever was recorded in 72.5% fatigue was seen in 52.5%, malaise was recorded in 37.5% and generalized weakness was noticed in 37.5. Myalgia was recorded in 12.5% and nausea and vomiting were reported in 2.5% of patients. . (p> .05). There was a statistically significant difference between mean baseline and at end treatment values for AST, ALT, AP and TLC. ( P< .05). Conclusion: Our study concluded that along with efficacy advantage of DAA therapy, their safety profile is acceptable in terms of adverse drug reaction of immediate or during treatment however long term follow up is needed to ascertain and apprehend the safety matters linked with the utilization of DAAs. Key Words: Direct acting antivirals (DAAs), side effects, chronic hepatitis C

Deformable Object Tracking Using Clustering and Particle Filter

Visual tracking of a deformable object is a challenging problem, as the target object frequently changes its attributes like shape, posture, color and so on. In this work, we propose a model-free tracker using clustering to track a target object which poses deformations and rotations. Clustering is applied to segment the tracked object into several independent components and the discriminative parts are tracked to locate the object. The proposed technique segments the target object into independent components using data clustering techniques and then tracks by finding corresponding clusters. Particle filters method is incorporated to improve the accuracy of the proposed technique. Experiments are carried out with several standard data sets, and results demonstrate comparable performance to the state-of-the-art visual tracking methods

Optical, microstructural and electrical studies on sol gel derived TiO2 thin films

TiO2 thin films have many interesting optical, physical, electrical and chemical properties that offer many applications in different fields of science and technology. The sol-gel spin coating technique has immense advantageous; such as low cost, usage of very simple equipment and relatively easy process control method. The optical, structural, microstructural and electrical properties have been analyzed through four point probe, XRD, SEM, high resolution electron microscopy, AFM and UV-VIS-NIR spectrophotometer. This paper is a research article about the sol-gel spin coated TiO2 thin film. The results will focus on the preparation and coating of TiO2 thin films on glass substrate at different annealing temperatures

2-Methyl-4-oxopentan-2-aminium 2-sulfamoylbenzoate

In the title salt, C6H14NO+·C7H6NO4S−, the 2-sulfamoylbenzoate anion has two intra­molecular hydrogen bonds, forming a five membered C—H⋯O and a seven-membered N—H⋯O twisted ring with ring motifs S(5) and S(7), respectively, while the 2-methyl-4-oxopentan-2-aminium cation also has a stabilizing intra­molecular N—H⋯O hydrogen bond with a twisted S(6) ring motif. The anions form inversion-related dimers with R 2 2(8) ring motifs through inter­molecular N—H⋯O hydrogen bonding. The dimers and cations are further linked and stabilized through inter­molecular N—H⋯O and C—H⋯O bonds, forming zigzag-shaped layers that extend along the crystallographic a axis

2-[(1R*,4R*)-1,4-Dihy­droxy­cyclo­hex­yl]acetic acid

The title compound, C8H14O4, is an isolation product of the aerial parts of Senecio desfontanei. The acetic acid group is oriented at a dihedral angle of 48.03 (9)° with respect to the basal plane of the cyclo­hexane-1,4-diol chair. An intra­molecular O—H⋯O hydrogen bond generates an S(6) ring with an envelope conformation. In the crystal, mol­ecules are linked by O—H⋯O hydrogen bonds, resulting in R 3 3(20) ring motifs and C(2) O—H⋯O—H⋯O—H⋯ chains. Overall, a three-dimensional polymeric network arises. A C—H⋯O contact is also present