Basic Implementation of Maternal-Child Health Care in Makassar

This study aims at analyzing the effect of transparency, accountability and the impact of health policy implementation, either partially or jointly to the satisfaction for the mother and child within the community receive basic health services in Makassar. The research location was in Makassar Health Office. This study used a quantitative approach through surveys. The study population was the people who used the service drawn at random sampling purposive community as much as 406 people. The instrument used was a questionnaire sheet and observation sheets. The results show that the variable service transparency, accountability, service, and the impact of policy implementation of primary health maternal and child together positive and significant impact on people's satisfaction that have received basic health care of mothers and children in Makassar, which is marked as 81.10 percent, including both categories. Keywords: service transparency, accountability services, the impact of policy implementation basic maternal and child health, public satisfaction

Budget Deficit, Money Supply and Inflation: The Case of Pakistan

Konvencionalno vjerovanje sugerira da konstantno visoki proračunski deficiti dovode do porasta inflacije, što sama monetarna politika ne može spriječiti. No, rezultati empirijskih istraživanja ne potkrepljuju uvijek ovu hipotezu. Ovaj rad preispituje to pitanje u slučaju Pakistana koristeći Johansenovu kointegracijsku analizu. Empirijski rezultati ukazuju da dugoročno gledano inflacija nije povezana s proračunskim deficitom već samo s ponudom novca te ne postoji uzročna veza između ponude novca i proračunskog deficita. Stoga proizlazi da čvrsto proračunsko ograničenje u slučaju Pakistana nije empirijski utemeljeno.Conventional notions suggest that persistently high budget deficits give rise to inflation, which monetary policy on its own is powerless to prevent. However, empirical evidence does not provide convincing support for such a hypothesis. This paper reexamines the issue in the case of Pakistan using Johansen cointegration analysis. The empirical results suggest that in the long-run inflation is not related to budget deficit but only to supply of money, and supply of money has no causal connection with budget deficit. Hence, the findings imply that the hard government budget constraint does not find empirical support for Pakistan

External Debt and Capital Accumulation Nexus: Evidence from Pakistan

The rising public debt burden is a common feature of developing countries like Pakistan. This study is an attempt to empirically analyse the external debt and capital accumulation nexus for Pakistan from 1972 to 2016. The ARDL bound testing technique was employed to estimate two models which incorporate different indicators of external debt. Results indicate the existence of a negative relationship between external debt to revenue ratio and stock of capital that supports the debt overhang hypothesis for Pakistan. The debt overhang hypothesis states that large accumulated debt leads to a decrease in overall capital accumulation in an economy. Similarly, other indicators of external debt, namely, external debt service to revenue ratio, external debt to export ratio, and external debt service to export ratio tend to bring a fall in stock of capital in Pakistan. Based on its findings, the study suggests the need for better and productive use of external debt in public sector development projects to foster the capital accumulation process in Pakistan. JEL Classification: H63; H71; E24; H63 Keywords: External Debt; Capital Accumulation; Human Capital; ARDL

Determination of levels of fluoride and trace metal ions in drinking waters and remedial measures to purify water

Fluoride is recognized to be most effective caries-preventive agent. The main source of fluoride for people is generally food and drinking water. For this reason, fluoride and other metal ion concentrations in the drinking water samples were estimated. For the determination of fluoride, Na, Li and K an ion – meter and flame photometer were used. While the concentrations of other metal ions (Mn, Cd, Co, Ni, Pb, Fe, Zn and Cu) were estimated by flame atomic absorption spectrophotometer.Statistical parameters and multiple correlations between paired water samples were also calculated. For the purification of water, adsorption technique was adopted using Al2O3 and Al2O3 -Pb 0.1, Al2O3 – Pb 0. 01 doping systems. Adsorption isotherm equations were also applied to calculate the values of respective constants. Thermodynamic parameters (DGo, DHo and DSo) were also calculated. According to theresults obtained, the metal ion concentration in the drinking waters in the studied area are within the safe drinking water regulation limits and also the fluoride level is lower then the permissible limit forflouride

Fiscal Response to Terrorism in Pakistan: The Role of Institutions

This study empirically estimates the fiscal consequences of terrorism in Pakistan by using annual time series data from 1984 to 2016. By employing the autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) technique, the study has gauged the impact of terrorist incidents on two important facets of fiscal policy, namely, tax revenue and defense spending. The results reveal that terrorism has detrimental ramifications for fiscal policy in Pakistan. Specifically, on the one hand, an increase in terrorist incidents tends to bring a fall in tax revenue while on the other hand, they induce a rise in defense outlays, thus deteriorating both fronts of the fiscal position. Notably, the moderating role of institutional quality appears significant and indicates that institutional quality has not only a significant direct impact on fiscal policy, but it also helps in completely mitigating (reducing) the harmful impact of terrorism on defense spending (tax revenue) in Pakistan. These findings suggest that there is a need to take appropriate steps for strengthening institutional setup to control the fallouts of terrorism on fiscal behavior of the government of Pakistan. Keywords: Terrorism; Tax Revenue; Institutional Quality; ARDL JEL Classification: E62; H2; E02; H5; F3

The Current Account Dynamics in Pakistan: An Intertemporal Optimisation Perspective.

The intertemporal approach has become a basic reference in open economy macroeconomics for the theoretical understanding of the current account. Since the early 1980s there has been substantial growth in the literature using this approach to analyse the behaviour of the current account movements for different countries and time periods. The theoretical refinements in the approach have led most of the empirical studies in the literature today to apply the basic present value model of current account (PVMCA) and its extended version to examine the fluctuations in the current account balances of both developed and developing countries. Using data on Pakistan over the period 1960 to 2009, the present study finds that the basic model fails to predict the dynamics of the actual current account. However, extending the basic model to capture variations in the world real interest rate and the real exchange rate significantly improves the fit of the intertemporal model. The extended model predictions better replicate the volatility of current account data and better explain historical episodes of current account imbalance in Pakistan. JEL classification: C32, F32, F41 Keywords: Current Account, Present Value Models, Consumption-based Interest Rate, Pakista

The Current Account Deficit Sustainability: An Empirical Investigation for Pakistan

The existence of large and persistent current account deficit is always viewed with great concerns, as it usually leads an economy to a state of insolvency due to building up excessive net foreign debt. As the current account deficit is a persistent feature of Pakistan’s economy, therefore, it becomes essential to empirically investigate, whether this deficit is sustainable or not. To this end, the present study has applied two alternative approaches, namely, the intertemporal approach to the current account and the intertemporal solvency approach, in order to get more convincing evidence on the sustainability issue in Pakistan using the time series data over the period 1960 to 2012. From the perspective of both the approaches, Pakistan’s current account deficit is on a sustainable path and the macroeconomic policies of the country remained effective in securing it from any external sector crisis. JEL Classification: C32, F32, F41 Keywords: Current Account Deficit, Intertemporal Budget Constraint, VAR Model, Cointegratio

Competitiveness among Asian Exporters in the World Rice Market.

With the gradual reduction in trade barriers led by the process of globalisation, more emphasis is now being placed on promoting export competitiveness. Asia is the home of many of the world’s top rice exporters. The food-price crisis has divided Asia into “rice haves” and “rice have-nots”. In order to describe the processes involved in securing and maintaining international competitiveness in rice exports, the present study has used the Balassa and White indices of revealed comparative advantage and revealed competitive advantage respectively. Results have revealed that Pakistan is the most competitive country in rice trade and ranks first in both agricultural product trade and total merchandise exports. JEL classification: C12, C43, Q17 Keywords: Asian Countries, Competitiveness, Revealed Comparative Advantage, Revealed Competitive Advantage

UMTS RADIO NETWORK PLANNING FOR BATU GAJAH AREA

This report is a primary step towards planning a high quality communication network providing users with sufficient coverage and capacity. The main goal of the project is to plan a network that can efficiently serve the maximum possible number of users simultaneously. It concerns mainly about third generation (3G) mobile communication systems and UMTS standard that uses UTRAN radio access network, it also concerns about the service level that users can experience. The project is implemented using a Matlab Implementation named as Network Planning Strategies for Wideband CDMA (NPSW), and the most significant results are a best possible coverage of 87.91% and a capacity of approximately 61% which is considered to be acceptable with a possibility of further improvements. The objectives of this work have been successfully achieved and this benefits the users by providing a satisfactory level of communication service