Frequency of ABO and Rh blood groups in Healthy Donors

Background: To document the frequency of ABO and Rh blood groups in volunteer non-remunerated blood donors of Rawalpindi/ Islamabad Methods: Record of blood donors from Jamila Sultana Thalassaemia Foundation was analyzed for ABO and Rh blood groups from Sept 2005 to Mar 2008. . Double/multiple entries were excluded. Results: Among voluntary blood donors 3519(79.5%) were males and 907(20.5%) were females. Blood group B+ve was the most frequent (31.2%). AB -ve was the least frequent (0.6%). Frequency of Blood groups A+ve, AB+ve, O+ve, A-ve, B-ve, and O - ve was 21.5%, 9.8%, 29.7%, 1.8%, 2.9%, and 2.5% respectively. The percentage of Rh+ and Rh- blood groups was 92.2% and 7.8% respectively. Conclusion: Blood group B+ was commonest and AB- was least frequent among donors. Rh+ blood group was 92.8%. There was no significant difference in males and female donor

Slow viscous flow through regular arrays of cylinders and spheres

slow viscous flow through regular arrays of cylinders and spheres is studied theoretically and the drag force exerted by the fluid on a cylinder or a sphere forming the regular array is calculated. The method used essentially consists of comparing a solution of the Stokes equations outside a cylinder or a sphere with a sum of solutions having equal singularities inside every cylinder or sphere of the regular array . For cylinders, results are given for square and tr iangular arrays for flow parallel and perpendicular to the axes of cylinders, while for spheres results are given only for a simple cubic array . Results agree well with the corresponding values reported by previous researchers, notably Hasirnoto (1959)

Mutual prodrug of cephazolin and benzydamin: 3-[(1-benzyl-1H-indazol-3-yl)­oxy]-N,N-dimethyl­propan-1-aminium 3-{[(5-methyl-1,3,4-thia­diazol-2-yl)sulfan­yl]meth­yl}-8-oxo-7-[(1H-tetra­zol-1-yl)acetamido]-5-thia-1-aza­bicyclo­[4.2.0]octane-2-carboxyl­ate (benzydaminium cephazolinate)

In the crystal of the title mol­ecular salt, C19H24N3O+·C14H13N8O4S3 −, the cations and anions are linked by N—H⋯O hydrogen bonds. Short intra­molecular C—H⋯O contacts occur within the anion and inter­molecular C—H⋯O and C—H⋯π bonds help to establish the packing

2-[6-Thioxo-5-(2,4,6-trimethyl­phen­yl)-1,3,5-thia­diazinan-3-yl]acetic acid

In the mol­ecule of the title compound, C14H18N2O2S2, the 1,3,5-thia­diazinane-2-thione ring adopts an envelope conformation with one of the N atoms at the flap position. The plane throught the five co-planar atoms of the heterocycle is oriented at a dihedral angle of 80.59 (8)° with respect to the aromatic ring. In the crystal structure, weak inter­molecular O—H⋯S inter­actions link the mol­ecules into chains along the b axis

The Dynamic Link between Energy Consumption, Economic Growth, Financial Development and Trade in China: Fresh Evidence from Multivariate Framework Analysis

This study investigates the relationship between energy consumption and economic growth by incorporating financial development, international trade and capital as important factors of production function in case of China over the period of 1971-2011. The ARDL bounds testing approach to cointegration was applied to examine long run relationship among the series while stationarity properties of the variables was tested by applying structural break test. Our empirical evidence confirmed long run relationship among the variables. The results showed that energy consumption, financial development, capital, exports, imports and international trade have positive impact on economic growth. The Granger causality analysis revealed that unidirectional causal relationship running from energy consumption to economic growth. Financial development and energy consumption Granger cause each other. There is bidirectional causality between trade and energy consumption. The feedback relation exists between financial development and international trade. There is also bidirectional causality exists between capital and energy consumption, financial development and economic growth and, international trade and economic growth. This paper makes significant contribution in energy literature and opens up new direction for policy makers to explore new and alternative sources of energy to meet the rising demand of energy due to sustained rate of economic growth

Is Gold Investment A Hedge against Inflation in Pakistan? A Cointegtaion and Causality Analysis in the Presence of Structural Breaks

Last few years have witnessed overwhelming investments in the gold market both directly and indirectly. These overwhelming investments in the gold market by individual and institutional investors have gained the attention of the research community. Numerous studies have examined how investment in gold can be used to hedge against high inflation. The current study investigates the gold investment as an effective hedge to deal with inflation in case of Pakistan in long run as well as in short run. In doing so, time series data on gold prices, economic growth and inflation is used for the period 1997-2011 utilizing quarterly frequency. The study applies the ARDL bounds testing technique of cointegration for long run, and innovative accounting approach (IAA) to examine the direction of causality in variables. Our findings reveal that investment in gold is the best hedge to address inflation in both long run and short run in case of Pakistan. The implications and applications of the study have been discussed in detail

Income terms of trade and trade balance: the long run evidence from Bangladesh

The paper implements the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) approach to cointegration to test the Harberger-Laursen-Metzler (HLM) effect in the context of Bangladesh. The HLM effect predicts that a rise in terms of trade from an exogenous shock to a small open economy will lead to an improvement in that country’s trade balance. Our findings confirm a long run relationship. The Granger causality test reports unidirectional causality from income terms of trade to trade balance. Results are consistent with the theoretical predictions

The Dynamic Link between Energy Consumption, Economic Growth, Financial Development and Trade in China: Fresh Evidence from Multivariate Framework Analysis

This study investigates the relationship between energy consumption and economic growth by incorporating financial development, international trade and capital as important factors of production function in case of China over the period of 1971-2011. The ARDL bounds testing approach to cointegration was applied to examine long run relationship among the series while stationarity properties of the variables was tested by applying structural break test. Our empirical evidence confirmed long run relationship among the variables. The results showed that energy consumption, financial development, capital, exports, imports and international trade have positive impact on economic growth. The Granger causality analysis revealed that unidirectional causal relationship running from energy consumption to economic growth. Financial development and energy consumption Granger cause each other. There is bidirectional causality between trade and energy consumption. The feedback relation exists between financial development and international trade. There is also bidirectional causality exists between capital and energy consumption, financial development and economic growth and, international trade and economic growth. This paper makes significant contribution in energy literature and opens up new direction for policy makers to explore new and alternative sources of energy to meet the rising demand of energy due to sustained rate of economic growth

Does CPI Granger-Cause WPI? New Extensions from Frequency Domain Approach in Pakistan

The present study significantly contributes to the economic literature by investigating the direction of causality between WPI and CPI by applying frequency domain causality approach developed by Lemmens et al. (2008) based on spectral approach. We use monthly frequency data covering the period of 1961-2010 in case of Pakistan. Our results provide evidence of cointegration between the variables. Furthermore, we find unidirectional causal relationship running from CPI to WPI that varies across frequencies i.e., CPI Granger-causes WPI at lower, medium as well as higher level of frequencies reflecting long-run, medium and short-run cycles. This implies that CPI should be a leading indicator for important policy decisions pertaining to monetary or fiscal policies in Pakistan

Does CPI Granger-Cause WPI? New Extensions from Frequency Domain Approach in Pakistan

The present study significantly contributes to the economic literature by investigating the direction of causality between WPI and CPI by applying frequency domain causality approach developed by Lemmens et al. (2008) based on spectral approach. We use monthly frequency data covering the period of 1961-2010 in case of Pakistan. Our results provide evidence of cointegration between the variables. Furthermore, we find unidirectional causal relationship running from CPI to WPI that varies across frequencies i.e., CPI Granger-causes WPI at lower, medium as well as higher level of frequencies reflecting long-run, medium and short-run cycles. This implies that CPI should be a leading indicator for important policy decisions pertaining to monetary or fiscal policies in Pakistan