The amount of root resorption.

<p>The amount of root resorption was significantly greater in the control group (tooth movement without drug) than in the loxoprofen group (tooth movement with loxoprofen) (**P< 0.01, N = 5).</p

Immunohistochemical staining for TNF-α.

<p>(A) non-tooth movement without drug (B) tooth movement without drug (C) tooth movement with loxoprofen.</p

Immunohistochemical staining for IL-1β.

<p>(A) non-tooth movement without drug (B) tooth movement without drug (C) tooth movement with loxoprofen.</p

The effects of loxoprofen sodium on the expression of COX-1, COX-2, IL-1β, TNF-α, RANKL and M-CSF mRNA in pulp cells stimulated by a 10-kPa tensile force for 48 hours.

<p>(A) Dotted line indicates the expression of COX-1, (B) COX-2, (C) IL-1β, (D) TNF-α, (E) RANKL, and (F) M-CSF mRNAs in the control group. COX-1, IL-1β, RANKL, and M-CSF mRNA levels were decreased significantly in the 10- and 100-μM loxoprofen groups. COX-2, TNF-α mRNA level was decreased significantly in the 100-μM loxoprofen group compared with the CTF group (*P< 0.05, **P< 0.01, N = 4).</p

Observation of tooth movement.

<p>After 30 days, the amount of tooth movement was measured by means of computed tomography.</p

Immunohistochemical staining for RANKL.

<p>(A) non-tooth movement without drug (B) tooth movement without drug (C) tooth movement with loxoprofen.</p

Observation of bone and root resorption area.

<p>The number of osteoclasts, odontoclasts and the amount of root resorption were examined at square area (1200 × 1200 μm²) in root apex.</p

Experimental tooth movement and administration of loxoprofen.

<p>The upper right molar were moved mesially by closed-coil spring with magnitude at 10 g for 30 days.</p