A Theory of War Finance

This paper analyzes the financial and war-spending policies of a state that faces a war in which defeat would result in the loss of sovereign power and in which the material consequences, conditional on avoiding defeat, are stochastic. The analysis takes explicit account of the historical experiences of lenders, who face debt repudiation if the state to whom they have lent is defeated and who also face partial default if the material consequences of the war are unfavorable for the debtor state, even if it avoids defeat. In this analysis, the state uses war debt to smooth expected consumption intertemporally in response to temporary war spending, and the state also uses contingent debt servicing to insure realized consumption against the risk associated with the material consequences of the war.

TRIP13 Participates in Immediate-Early Sensing of DNA Strand Breaks and ATM Signaling Amplification through MRE11

Thyroid hormone receptor-interacting protein 13 (TRIP13) participates in various regulatory steps related to the cell cycle, such as the mitotic spindle assembly checkpoint and meiotic recombination, possibly by interacting with members of the HORMA domain protein family. Recently, it was reported that TRIP13 could regulate the choice of the DNA repair pathway, i.e., homologous recombination (HR) or nonhomologous end-joining (NHEJ). However, TRIP13 is recruited to DNA damage sites within a few seconds after damage and may therefore have another function in DNA repair other than regulation of the pathway choice. Furthermore, the depletion of TRIP13 inhibited both HR and NHEJ, suggesting that TRIP13 plays other roles besides regulation of choice between HR and NHEJ. To explore the unidentified functions of TRIP13 in the DNA damage response, we investigated its genome-wide interaction partners in the context of DNA damage using quantitative proteomics with proximity labeling. We identified MRE11 as a novel interacting partner of TRIP13. TRIP13 controlled the recruitment of MDC1 to DNA damage sites by regulating the interaction between MDC1 and the MRN complex. Consistently, TRIP13 was involved in ATM signaling amplification. Our study provides new insight into the function of TRIP13 in immediate-early DNA damage sensing and ATM signaling activation

War Debt, Moral Hazard, and the Financing of the Confederacy.

This paper develops a formal model of war spending and external borrowing and quantifies this model for the case of the American Confederacy. Our proximate objective is to determine why the Confederacy undertook little external borrowing. We find that the moral hazard associated with war debt seems to have had little effect on the amount of external borrowing that the Confederacy undertook. Rather, because the Confederacy began the war with large mobilizable resources relative to its expected postwar resource endowment, it required little external borrowing to accomplish the optimal amount of consumption smoothing. But, our results also suggest that unimportance of the moral hazard associated with war debt is not a generic property of war finance. Copyright 1996 by Ohio State University Press.

Assessment of Corrosion Performance of Steel Rebar in Snail Shell Ash Blended Cements under Marine Environments

An attempt has been made on a constructive approach to evaluate the performance of snail shell ash (SSA) for its corrosion performance under marine environments. Corrosion performance of steel rebar in chloride-contaminated SSA with (0% to 50%) replacement levels of cement extract medium was examined through electrochemical and weight loss techniques. Initially, snail shell powder (SSP) is made by pulverizing and subsequently SSA is by thermal decomposition methods. Both SSP and SSA were characterized by X-ray diffraction, Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and energy dispersion X-ray spectroscopy. Concrete cubes with 0% to 50% replacement levels of cement by SSA were evaluated for their mechanical properties. A critical level of 20 to 30% SSA improved both corrosion resistance and strength of concrete. Extrapolation modeling for the strength and corrosion rate with respect to later age were made. SSA is a suitable replacement material for natural limestone in cement productions