13 research outputs found
Single-Molecule Investigations on Histone H2A-H2B Dynamics in the Nucleosome
Nucleosomes
impose physical barriers to DNA-templated processes, playing important
roles in eukaryotic gene regulation. DNA is packaged into nucleosomes
by histone proteins mainly through strong electrostatic interactions
that can be modulated by various post-translational histone modifications.
Investigating the dynamics of histone dissociation from the nucleosome
and how it is altered upon histone modifications is important for
understanding eukaryotic gene regulation mechanisms. In particular,
histone H2A-H2B dimer displacement in the nucleosome is one of the
most important and earliest steps of histone dissociation. Two conflicting
hypotheses on the requirement for dimer displacement are that nucleosomal
DNA needs to be unwrapped before a dimer can displace and that a dimer
can displace without DNA unwrapping. In order to test the hypotheses,
we employed three-color single-molecule FRET and monitored in a time-resolved
manner the early kinetics of H2A-H2B dimer dissociation triggered
by high salt concentration and by histone chaperone Nap1. The results
reveal that dimer displacement requires DNA unwrapping in the vast
majority of the nucleosomes in the salt-induced case, while dimer
displacement precedes DNA unwrapping in >60% of the nucleosomes
in the Nap1-mediated case. We also found that acetylation at histone
H4K16 or H3K56 affects the kinetics of Nap1-mediated dimer dissociation
and facilitates the process both kinetically and thermodynamically.
On the basis of these results, we suggest a mechanism by which histone
chaperone facilitates H2A-H2B dimer displacement from the histone
core without requiring another factor to unwrap the nucleosomal DNA
Lysine Acetylation Facilitates Spontaneous DNA Dynamics in the Nucleosome
The nucleosome, comprising a histone
protein core wrapped around by DNA, is the fundamental packing unit
of DNA in cells. Lysine acetylation at the histone core elevates DNA
accessibility in the nucleosome, the mechanism of which remains largely
unknown. By employing our recently developed hybrid single molecule
approach, here we report how the structural dynamics of DNA in the
nucleosome is altered upon acetylation at histone H3 lysine 56 (H3K56)
that is critical for elevated DNA accessibility. Our results indicate
that H3K56 acetylation facilitates the structural dynamics of the
DNA at the nucleosome termini that spontaneously and repeatedly open
and close on a ms time scale. The results support a molecular mechanism
of histone acetylation in catalyzing DNA unpacking whose efficiency
is ultimately limited by the spontaneous DNA dynamics at the nucleosome
temini. This study provides the first and unique experimental evidence
revealing a role of protein chemical modification in directly regulating
the kinetic stability of the DNA packing unit
Single-Molecule Observation Reveals Spontaneous Protein Dynamics in the Nucleosome
Structural
dynamics of a protein molecule is often critical to
its function. Single-molecule methods provide efficient ways to investigate
protein dynamics, although it is very challenging to achieve a millisecond
or higher temporal resolution. Here we report spontaneous structural
dynamics of the histone protein core in the nucleosome based on a
single-molecule method that can reveal submillisecond dynamics by
combining maximum likelihood estimation and fluorescence
correlation spectroscopy. The nucleosome, comprising ∼147 bp
DNA and an octameric histone protein core consisting of H2A, H2B,
H3, and H4, is the fundamental packing unit of the eukaryotic genome.
The nucleosome imposes a physical barrier that should be overcome
during various DNA-templated processes. Structural fluctuation of
the nucleosome in the histone core has been hypothesized to be required
for nucleosome disassembly but has yet to be directly probed. Our
results indicate that at 100 mM NaCl the histone H2A–H2B dimer
dissociates from the histone core transiently once every 3.6 ±
0.6 ms and returns to its position within 2.0 ± 0.3 ms. We also
found that the motion is facilitated upon H3K56 acetylation and inhibited
upon replacing H2A with H2A.Z. These results provide the first direct
examples of how a localized post-translational modification or an
epigenetic variation affects the kinetic and thermodynamic stabilities
of a macromolecular protein complex, which may directly contribute
to its functions
Single-Molecule Studies of the Linker Histone H1 Binding to DNA and the Nucleosome
Linker
histone H1 regulates chromatin structure and gene expression.
Investigating the dynamics and stoichiometry of binding of H1 to DNA
and the nucleosome is crucial to elucidating its functions. Because
of the abundant positive charges and the strong self-affinity of H1,
quantitative <i>in vitro</i> studies of its binding to DNA
and the nucleosome have generated results that vary widely and, therefore,
should be interpreted in a system specific manner. We sought to overcome
this limitation by developing a specially passivated microscope slide
surface to monitor binding of H1 to DNA and the nucleosome at a single-molecule
level. According to our measurements, the stoichiometry of binding
of H1 to DNA and the nucleosome is very heterogeneous with a wide
distribution whose averages are in reasonable agreement with previously
published values. Our study also revealed that H1 does not dissociate
from DNA or the nucleosome on a time scale of tens of minutes. We
found that histone chaperone Nap1 readily dissociates H1 from DNA
and superstoichiometrically bound H1 from the nucleosome, supporting
a hypothesis whereby histone chaperones contribute to the regulation
of the H1 profile in chromatin
The Effects of Histone H2B Ubiquitylations on the Nucleosome Structure and Internucleosomal Interactions
Eukaryotic gene compaction takes place at multiple levels
to package
DNA to chromatin and chromosomes. Two of the most fundamental levels
of DNA packaging are at the nucleosome and dinucleosome stacks. The
nucleosome is the basic gene-packing unit and is composed of DNA wrapped
around a histone core. Nucleosomes stack with one another for further
compaction of DNA. The first stacking step leads to dinucleosome formation,
which is driven by internucleosomal interactions between various parts
of two nucleosomes. Histone proteins are rich targets for post-translational
modifications, some of which affect the structure of the nucleosome
and the interactions between nucleosomes. These effects are often
implicated in the regulation of various genomic transactions. In particular,
histone H2B ubiquitylation has been associated with facilitated transcription
and hexasome formation. Here, we employed semi-synthetically ubiquitylated
histone H2B and single-molecule FRET to investigate the effects of
H2B ubiquitylations at lysine 34 (H2BK34) and lysine 120 (H2BK120)
on the structure of the nucleosome and the interactions between two
nucleosomes. Our results suggest that H2BK34 ubiquitylation widens
the DNA gyre gap in the nucleosome and stabilizes long- and short-range
internucleosomal interactions while H2BK120 ubiquitylation does not
affect the nucleosome structure or internucleosomal interactions.
These results suggest potential roles for H2B ubiquitylations in facilitated
transcription and hexasome formation while maintaining the structural
integrity of chromatin
Gene Expression Profiles of Human Adipose Tissue-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells Are Modified by Cell Culture Density
<div><p>Previous studies conducted cell expansion <i>ex vivo</i> using low initial plating densities for optimal expansion and subsequent differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). However, MSC populations are heterogeneous and culture conditions can affect the characteristics of MSCs. In this study, differences in gene expression profiles of adipose tissue (AT)-derived MSCs were examined after harvesting cells cultured at different densities. AT-MSCs from three different donors were plated at a density of 200 or 5,000 cells/cm<sup>2</sup>. After 7 days in culture, detailed gene expression profiles were investigated using a DNA chip microarray, and subsequently validated using a reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis. Gene expression profiles were influenced primarily by the level of cell confluence at harvest. In MSCs harvested at ∼90% confluence, 177 genes were up-regulated and 102 genes down-regulated relative to cells harvested at ∼50% confluence (<i>P</i><0.05, FC>2). Proliferation-related genes were highly expressed in MSCs harvested at low density, while genes that were highly expressed in MSCs harvested at high density (∼90% confluent) were linked to immunity and defense, cell communication, signal transduction and cell motility. Several cytokine, chemokine and growth factor genes involved in immunosuppression, migration, and reconstitution of damaged tissues were up-regulated in MSCs harvested at high density compared with MSCs harvested at low density. These results imply that cell density at harvest is a critical factor for modulating the specific gene-expression patterns of heterogeneous MSCs.</p></div
Phase-contrast micrograph and cell density of AT-MSCs from three different donors in CC1 or CC2.
<p>(<b>A</b>) Morphological appearance of AT-MSC donors 7 days after plating at 200 cells/cm<sup>2</sup> (CC1) or 5,000 cells/cm<sup>2</sup> (CC2). All cells exhibited a spindle shaped or fibroblastic morphology. (<b>B</b>) The number of cell divisions and (<b>C</b>) total cell numbers at the time of harvest of MSCs cultured under different conditions. Data are the mean ± SD from three separate experiments.</p
RT-PCR analysis of differentially expressed cytokine, chemokine and proliferation-associated genes in AT-MSC from different donors and different cell densities.
<p>The expression profile of selected genes from the microarray data was validated by semi-quantitative RT-PCR using independent samples harvested 7days after plating at different cell densities as distinct from that for microarray analysis. Quantitative gene expression data of each candidate gene indicates mRNA expression relative to GAPDH mRNA. Band intensity was normalized against that of GAPDH mRNA. Semi-quantitative RT-PCR analysis was independently performed using different MSC samples but the samples for microarray analysis. CC1, cultures plated with an initial cell density of 200 cells/cm<sup>2</sup> and a culture duration of 7 days; CC2, cultures plated with an initial cell density of 5,000 cells/cm<sup>2</sup> and a culture duration of 7 days.</p
Differentially expressed cell proliferation-associated genes in AT-MSCs from three different donors, cultured to low or high density, as determined by microarray analysis.
<p>Viable second-passage AT-MSCs plated at 200 cells/cm<sup>2</sup> (CC1 MSCs) or 5,000 cells/cm<sup>2</sup> (CC2 MSCs) were incubated for 7 days, by which time they reached ∼50% or ∼90% confluence, respectively. After harvesting, mRNA from three donor pooled samples of AT-MSCs was used in the microarray analysis. Microarray data were filtered by applying two criteria for significance, P<0.05 and FC>2 between culture conditions.</p
Hierarchical cluster analysis of differentially expressed genes in AT-MSCs from three different donors in CC1 or CC2.
<p>The microarray data for 47,323 genes were filtered by applying two criteria for significance, <i>P</i><0.05 and fold change (FC)>2, between the two cell densities (CC1 and CC2) at harvest for each MSC donor. (<b>A</b>) The selected data represented by hierarchical clustering of the normalized Ct of 279 genes on MSCs using individual samples (177 with increased expression, 102 with decreased expression). Each row represents a single gene, while each column represents the gene expression levels for a cell culture. The color coded gene expression levels range from red for the highest level of expression to green for the lowest. (<b>B</b>) Hierarchical cluster analysis of 17 differentially expressed cytokine, chemokine and growth factor genes. (<b>C</b>) Hierarchical cluster analysis of 33 differentially expressed proliferation-associated genes. CC1, cultures plated with an initial cell density of 200 cells/cm<sup>2</sup> and a culture duration of 7 days; CC2, cultures plated with an initial cell density of 5,000 cells/cm<sup>2</sup> and a culture duration of 7 days.</p