8 research outputs found

    Immunofluorescent staining for VGLUT1 (A–C) and VGLUT2 (D–I) in the rat dental pulp in the control (A, D, E), CFA 1-day (B, F), and CFA 3-day (C, G–I) groups. A–C:

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    <p>Expression of VGLUT1 in pulpal axons in control (A) and CFA 1-day (B) and CFA 3-day (C) groups. VGLUT1 is expressed in many axons in the peripheral portion of the coronal pulp. <b>D–I:</b> Expression of VGLUT2 in pulpal axons in control (D, E), CFA 1-day (F), and CFA 3-day (G–I) groups. In the control group, VGLUT2 is expressed in a small number of axons in the peripheral portion of coronal pulp (D) and few axons in the radicular pulp (E). However, it is expressed in a large number of axons in the peripheral portion (F, G), the core of the coronal pulp (H), and in radicular pulp (I) in the CFA 1-day and CFA 3-day groups. Scale bar = 20 µm.</p

    Density of VGLUT1+ and VGLUT2+ axons (A, immunofluorescence assay) and protein levels of VGLUT1 and VGLUT2 (B, C, Western blot assay) in the control, CFA 1-day and 3-day pulps.

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    <p><b>A</b>: The density (area fraction) of VGLUT1+ pulpal axons is not significantly different between CFA 1-day or CFA 3-day groups and control, whereas the density of VGLUT2+ axons is significantly higher in the CFA 1-day, CFA 3-day groups than control. N = 3 animals in each group. *p<0.01. <b>B</b>: Representative images of the Western blot assay. <b>C</b>: Quantitative analysis of VGLUT1 and VGLUT2 protein in the dental pulp. Protein levels of VGLUT1 and VGLUT2 in the pulp are significantly higher in the CFA 1-day, CFA 3-day groups than control. This difference is bigger for VGLUT2 (3.9 and 4.3 fold higher in the CFA 1-day and CFA 3-day groups than control) than for VGLUT1 (2.9 and 3.1 fold higher in the CFA 1-day and CFA 3-day groups than control). N = 5 animals in each group. *p<0.01.</p

    Immunofluorescent staining for VGLUT1 and VGLUT2 (A), density of VGLUT1+ and VGLUT2+ somata (B, immunofluorescence assay), and protein levels of VGLUT1 and VGLUT2 (C, D, Western blot assay) in the trigeminal ganglion.

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    <p><b>A:</b> Immunofluorescent staining for VGLUT1 (a, b) and VGLUT2 (c, d) in the rat trigeminal ganglion in the control (a, c) and CFA 1-day (b, d) groups. VGLUT1 is expressed predominantly in medium- and large-sized somata (a, b), whereas VGLUT2 is expressed predominantly in small- and medium-sized somata (c, d). The number of VGLUT1+ somata of all somata is not different between control (a) and CFA 1-day group (b), whereas that of VGLUT2+ soma is significantly higher in the CFA 1-day (d) than in the control (c) groups. Scale bar = 50 µm. <b>B:</b> The density of VGLUT2+ somata (fraction of all somata) is significantly higher for the CFA 1-day, CFA 3-day groups than control, whereas the density of VGLUT1+ soma is not significantly different between CFA 1-day or CFA 3-day groups and control. N = 3 animals in each group. *p<0.01. <b>C:</b> Representative images of the Western blot assay for VGLUT1 and VGLUT2 in the rat trigeminal ganglion. <b>D:</b> Quantitative analysis of VGLUT1 and VGLUT2 protein in the trigeminal ganglion. The VGLUT2 protein levels are significantly higher in the CFA 1-day and CFA 3-day groups than for the control, whereas the VGLUT1 protein levels are not different between CFA 1-day or CFA 3-day groups and the control group. N = 5 animals in each group. *p<0.01.</p

    Double immunofluorescent staining for VGLUT1 and CD64 (A) and for VGLUT2 and CD64 (B) in the rat dental pulp in CFA 1-day group.

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    <p>VGLUT1 and VGLUT2 are expressed in many CD64+ cells (arrowhead) as well as in axons (arrow) in the inflamed dental pulp. Scale bar = 20 µm.</p

    Baseline characteristics.

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    <p>BMI, body mass index; MDRD, Modification of Diet in Renal Disease; GFR, Glomerular filtration rate; RTS, renal tumor size; PTS, pathologic tumor size.</p><p>Baseline characteristics.</p

    Measurement of tumor volume and gross specimen.

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    <p>(A) Tumor in the right kidney on CT scan. (B) Delineation between tumor and surrounding normal parenchyma (dark blue). (C) 3D tumor volume (dark blue). (D) Tumor in the right kidney (dark brown).</p

    Imprint Control of BaTiO<sub>3</sub> Thin Films via Chemically Induced Surface Polarization Pinning

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    Surface-adsorbed polar molecules can significantly alter the ferroelectric properties of oxide thin films. Thus, fundamental understanding and controlling the effect of surface adsorbates are crucial for the implementation of ferroelectric thin film devices, such as ferroelectric tunnel junctions. Herein, we report an imprint control of BaTiO<sub>3</sub> (BTO) thin films by chemically induced surface polarization pinning in the top few atomic layers of the water-exposed BTO films. Our studies based on synchrotron X-ray scattering and coherent Bragg rod analysis demonstrate that the chemically induced surface polarization is not switchable but reduces the polarization imprint and improves the bistability of ferroelectric phase in BTO tunnel junctions. We conclude that the chemical treatment of ferroelectric thin films with polar molecules may serve as a simple yet powerful strategy to enhance functional properties of ferroelectric tunnel junctions for their practical applications
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