Hugo Riemann's concept of tonality

This study examines the relationship between theories of harmonic dualism, Riemann's concept of undertones, and Riemann's theories of tonality in the context of nineteenth-century science. As one of the scholars who helped define the field of musicology, Riemann contributed to the impetus to legitimate the discipline by creating ties with other fields. In the first section, I trace the influence of Moritz Hauptmann, Hermann von Helmholtz, and Arthur von Oettingen on Riemann's work, with reference to how Riemann's theories of tonality were derived from the principles of harmonic dualism and his concept of undertones. In the final section, I look at Riemann's theories from the perspective of his critics and show how his ideas were reformulated through interaction with his contemporaries

Development and Field Evaluation of an Aquifer Stratification Testing System

An aquifer stratification testing system was designed, constructed, and tested. The system was designed to characterize vertical profiles of both quantity and quality of water produced from actively pumping groundwater wells. During testing, all systems functioned properly and either met or exceeded anticipated performance requirements. The system was first tested in an irrigation well completed in the Edwards aquifer and owned by the Onion Creek Club located in Manchaca, Texas, just south of Austin. The purpose of the exercise was to assess test systems performance and to develop and refine testing procedures. Dye-tracer injection tests were performed at five depths from 325 to 405 ft, and a velocity/discharge profile was generated for that interval. The profile was consistent with the karst nature of the Edwards aquifer. Water sampling procedures were tested and evaluated, but no samples were analyzed. Further testing was performed in two public water supply wells completed in the Ogallala Formation of the High Plains aquifer and belonging to the City of Wolfforth, Texas, to investigate arsenic and fluoride concentration distributions, which both exceed maximum contaminant level (MCL) standards for arsenic (10 μg/L) and fluoride (4 mg/L) in produced water. The results indicated vertical trends in both arsenic and fluoride aquifer concentration profiles, although concentrations at all depths exceeded MCL standards for both arsenic and fluoride. Despite distinctly different water discharge profiles between wells, a consistent inverse depth relationship between arsenic and fluoride concentrations was identified in both wells. Aquifer arsenic concentrations generally decreased, and aquifer fluoride concentrations generally increased with increasing depth. Aquifer arsenic concentrations ranged from 11.4 to 14.1 μg/L in Well 8 and from 16.0 to 22.2 μg/L in Well 5. Aquifer fluoride concentrations ranged from 5.53 to 7.98 mg/L in Well 8 and from 4.28 to 5.87 mg/L in Well 5. Future system and procedural modifications should focus on improving and enhancing the flexibility and data acquisition capabilities of the system. Future field testing programs should be performed to develop a water quality stratification database to enhance general understanding of groundwater quality and flow processes and provide insight on potential contamination sources.Bureau of Economic Geolog

Ground Water Surface Water Interactions in Texas

Groundwater-surface water interactions need to be evaluated to optimize water management in Texas. This study provides an overview of the impacts of groundwater-surface water (gw-sw) interactions on water quality and water quantity using available data. A literature review was conducted to assess the status of knowledge of gw-sw interactions. A total of 300 references were compiled. References were subdivided into those related to water quantity issues, water quality including point and nonpoint sources of contamination, and methods such as seepage and temperature approaches and modeling analyses. Additional topics covered by the reference list include impacts of climate variability and land use/land cover changes on gw-sw interactions and ecological issues. A compilation of data and information sources for assessing gw-sw interactions in Texas is also provided. This section includes web links to online report catalogs and databases and a listing of offline reports and catalogs provided by state and federal agencies.Bureau of Economic Geolog