Bacteria Isolated from Urinary Tract Infection among Patients and Determination of the Antibiotic Susceptibility Patterns of the Gram Negative Bacteria in Iran

Background: Escherichia coli (E. coli) is the most frequent infecting organism in acute infection. So, knowledge about the frequency and distribution of urinary tract infection (UTI) is important to improve infection control measures. The aim of this research was to determine the prevalence of bacteria isolated from urinary tract infection (UTI) in patients and determination of the antibiotic susceptibility patterns of the gram negative bacteria.Materials and Methods: This descriptive study was performed in Imam Reza hospital, Tabriz (northwest of Iran) during March 2012 to February 2013. We surveyed 8153 patients, who had clinical manifestations of UTI. 5093 (62.47%) of them were female and 3060 (37.53%) of them male. Urine specimens were cultured for isolation of the microbial agents of UTI. The isolated bacteria were identified using biochemical tests. Disk diffusion susceptibility test was used to determine antimicrobial susceptibility.Results: E. coli (55.38%) was the most common isolated pathogen, followed by Enterobacter spp. (29.61%), Pseudomonas spp. (4.9%), S. aureus (3.21%), Enterococcus spp. (2.3%),  fungi (1.5%) and Klebsiella (0.48%). The sensitivity rates of isolated gram negative bacteria were for Amikacin (95.7%), Nitrofurantoin (91.5%), Gentamicin (64.1%), Ceftizoxim (56.8%), Ciprofloxacin (37.6%), Cotrimoxazole (31.4%) and Nalidixic acid (23.5%).Conclusion: This study showed that the frequency of E. coli and  Enterobacter spp. increases the probability of urinary tract infection. Also this survey indicates the emergence of antibiotic resistant infections in the studied hospital. So, there is a need to improve the effectiveness of integrated infection control programs to control and manage nosocomial infections caused by highly resistant organisms

Feeding Ecology and Natural Feeding Indices of Ghare-Aghaj carp, Cyprinion tenuiradius Heckel, 1847 in the Firoozabad River, Fars Province

In this study, the feeding relations of Ghare-Aghaj carp, Cyprinion tenuiradius with microalgae community, and its natural feeding indices were investigated in Firuzabad River (Fars Province), A number of 39 samples were taken monthly during September-December 2017. Samples were fixed in 4% formaldehyde in the site, measured for length and mass, and dissected. Their visceral mass was weighted.،The alimentary tube was isolated, and the intestinal length and weight (including contents) were weighted. Intestinal contents were diluted and observed on counting slides, sorted, and identified. Upon the measurements, feeding indices including gastro-somatic (GI), condition factor (K), fullness (IF), cavity volume (CV), and relative length of gut (RLG) were calculated. Ranges of the total length and weight of the samples were 4.4-13.0 cm and 0.93-25.00 g, respectively. Calculations of the feeding indices revealed that GI, K, IF, and CV were 23.64, 1.07, 1399.70, and 7.69, respectively, which indicate the high intensity of feeding, high fatness (good life conditions), full stomachs, and high voraciousness in this fish. The mean relative length of the gut was 4.40, indicating the herbivory nature of this species. No macrophyte tissues were recognized in the gut content, but most of the contents were comprised of microalgae of genera Navicula, Cymbella, Diatoma, Pinnularia, Gomphonema, and Cosmarium, and very few numbers of Cymatopleura, Caloneis, Nitzschia, Spirogyra, and Pediastrum. Amounts of mud and unidentified sediments were also observed in the gut, which seems to have been unintentionally eaten through feeding. Based on the only source of food recognized in their gut, it can be concluded that C. tenuiradius‌ has a phytoplanktivorous feeding regime in Firoozabad River under current conditions