Notes for genera: basal clades of Fungi (including Aphelidiomycota, Basidiobolomycota, Blastocladiomycota, Calcarisporiellomycota, Caulochytriomycota, Chytridiomycota, Entomophthoromycota, Glomeromycota, Kickxellomycota, Monoblepharomycota, Mortierellomycota, Mucoromycota, Neocallimastigomycota, Olpidiomycota, Rozellomycota and Zoopagomycota)

Compared to the higher fungi (Dikarya), taxonomic and evolutionary studies on the basal clades of fungi are fewer in number. Thus, the generic boundaries and higher ranks in the basal clades of fungi are poorly known. Recent DNA based taxonomic studies have provided reliable and accurate information. It is therefore necessary to compile all available information since basal clades genera lack updated checklists or outlines. Recently, Tedersoo et al. (MycoKeys 13:1--20, 2016) accepted Aphelidiomycota and Rozellomycota in Fungal clade. Thus, we regard both these phyla as members in Kingdom Fungi. We accept 16 phyla in basal clades viz. Aphelidiomycota, Basidiobolomycota, Blastocladiomycota, Calcarisporiellomycota, Caulochytriomycota, Chytridiomycota, Entomophthoromycota, Glomeromycota, Kickxellomycota, Monoblepharomycota, Mortierellomycota, Mucoromycota, Neocallimastigomycota, Olpidiomycota, Rozellomycota and Zoopagomycota. Thus, 611 genera in 153 families, 43 orders and 18 classes are provided with details of classification, synonyms, life modes, distribution, recent literature and genomic data. Moreover, Catenariaceae Couch is proposed to be conserved, Cladochytriales Mozl.-Standr. is emended and the family Nephridiophagaceae is introduced

Same physiological characteristics of the three ectomycorrhizal fungi from Suillus genus

The aim of this paper is to present the results of the study of the same physiological characteristics of the three species of ectomycorrhizal fungi from Suillus genus (S. luteus (L. ex Fr.) S.F.Gray, S. bovinus (Fr.) O.Kuntze and S. granulatus (L. ex Fr.) O. Kuntze. S. granulatus is an excellent edible mushroom. S. luteus and S. bovinus are both edible but they are both of an inferior quality. Three different media (Melin-Norkans, MMN, Potate Dextrose Agar, PDA and Malt Extract Agar, MEA) were used for the study of the influence of the type of medium on the rate of growth and morphological shape of mycelium of fungi. The interaction between mycorrhizal fungi was examined in the laboratory conditions by the "mixed cultures". The assessment of the interaction between certain mycorrhizal species and the inhibitions of growth was determined as the ratio between their growth in the mixed culture and the controlling isolate growth on the nutritive medi

The influence of heavy metals on the growth of ectomycorrhizal fungi

The reaction of isolates of the ectomycorrhizal species Suillus granulatus, Suillus luteus, Suillus bovinus, Hebeloma spp, Paxillus involutus and Amanita muscaria to the presence of zinc, copper, lead and cadmium, added to a nutritive medium for the determination of their in vitro tolerance, was determined by measuring growth inhibition of the mycelium. The experiments were performed in laboratory conditions by adding suspensions of zinc, copper, lead, and cadmium at three different concentrations to the nutritive medium. The effect of the heavy metals on the growth rate of the mycorrhizal fungi depended on the type of metal and its concentration. Zinc had the lowest degree of influence, whereas cadmium at the highest concentration had the highest degree of influence. S. bovinus, whose mycelium grew very slowly in the presence of all four metals, exhibited the lowest degree of tolerance to the heavy metals; S. granulatus and Amanita muscaria were tolerant to the presence of all four metals, even at high concentrations