Incidences of stroke and Cox model measured hazard ratios of stroke associated with hepatitis C infection, demographic factors and comorbidities.

a<p>Per 1000 person-years.</p><p>ACE, angiotensin-converting enzyme; CI, confidence interval; HR, hazard ratio.</p

Multivariable Cox model measured hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals for stroke.

<p>ACE, angiotensin-converting enzyme; CI, confidence interval; HR, hazard ratio.</p

Total 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Concentration as a Predictor for All-Cause Death and Cardiovascular Event Risk among Ethnic Chinese Adults: A Cohort Study in a Taiwan Community

<div><p>Background</p><p>Evidence of an inverse association between serum 25-hydoroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] and the risk of all-cause death and cardiovascular disease from prospective studies is inconsistent. We tested the relationship between 25(OH)D and the risk among adult ethnic Chinese in Taiwan.</p><p>Methods</p><p>We conducted a community-based cohort study of 1816 participants (age 60.2±10.2 yrs, 45.0% women) in the Chin-Shan Community Cardiovascular Cohort Study who were free of cardiovascular diseases at baseline and provided 25(OH)D measurements.</p><p>Results</p><p>During a median 9.6 (interquartile range, 8.8- 10.5) years’ follow-up period, totally 263 cases developed cardiovascular death events and 559 participants were documented to death from any cause. As 25(OH)D concentration increased, the incidence rates of cardiovascular events and all-cause death decreased progressively. 25(OH)D was inversely associated with all-cause death: the adjusted hazard ratio was 0.49 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.25-0.97) for the third quartile and a significant J-shape relationship was found. The performance measures by integrated discriminative improvement showed significant improvement after adding 25(OH)D information (0.14%, 95% CI, 0.03-0.31, P=0.050, for all-cause death and 0.32%, 95% CI, 0.02-0.62, P=0.018 for cardiovascular events).</p><p>Conclusion</p><p>These findings suggested a modest inverse association between 25(OH)D and the risk of all-cause death among diabetic participants and a good predictive factor in the community. Further studies to investigate the mechanism of vitamin D role on health effect are warranted.</p></div

Improvement in discrimination performance and calibration for risk prediction of cardiovascular events and all-cause death in the multivariate-adjusted model after including 25(OH)D concentrations.

<p>AUC: area under the receiving operative characteristic curves; CI: confidence interval; HL: Hosmer-Lemeshow Goodness-of-Fit Test; CVD: cardiovascular disease; HT: hypertension; DM: diabetes mellitus; NRI: net reclassification improvement; IDI: integrated discrimination improvement;</p><p>Established risk factors included age, sex, smoking status, systolic blood pressure, HDL cholesterol, and LDL cholesterol</p><p>Improvement in discrimination performance and calibration for risk prediction of cardiovascular events and all-cause death in the multivariate-adjusted model after including 25(OH)D concentrations.</p

Partial Spearman correlation coefficients of 25(OH)D and various atherosclerotic risk factor profiles in the study participants.

<p>All were age and gender-adjusted partial Spearman correlation</p><p>Partial Spearman correlation coefficients of 25(OH)D and various atherosclerotic risk factor profiles in the study participants.</p

Kaplan-Meir survival curves for the risk of all-cause death in the study participants for all participants (upper) and baseline diabetes status (lower).

<p>Kaplan-Meir survival curves for the risk of all-cause death in the study participants for all participants (upper) and baseline diabetes status (lower).</p

Relationship between 25(OH)D concentration and the risk of all-cause death among the subgroup population of diabetes.

<p>The multivariate adjusted hazard ratio is plotted as a function of the 25(OH)D value with the 95% confidence bands shown as the shaded areas (test for nonlinear relation, P = 0.031; test for overall significance of the curve, P = 0.07).</p

The age-specific and sex-specific prevalence of overweight and obesity between 1991 and 2011^a.

<p>The age-specific and sex-specific prevalence of overweight and obesity between 1991 and 2011^{<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0116019#nt103" target="_blank">a</a>}.</p

The age- and sex-adjusted prevalence of obesity by cardiovascular risk factors subgroup between 1991 and 2011^a.

<p>The age- and sex-adjusted prevalence of obesity by cardiovascular risk factors subgroup between 1991 and 2011^{<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0116019#nt109" target="_blank">a</a>}.</p

Demographic characteristics of the participants between 1991 and 2011.

<p>Demographic characteristics of the participants between 1991 and 2011.</p