Original Research Hormonal Response to Carbohydrate Supplementation at Rest and After Resistance Exercise

This investigation examined the anabolic-hormone response to carbohydrate (CHO) supplementation at rest and after resistance exercise. Nine recreationally trained men randomly underwent 4 testing conditions: rest with placebo (RPL), rest with CHO (RCHO), resistance exercise with placebo (EPL), and resistance exercise with CHO (ECHO). The resistance-exercise protocol was four sets of Smith machine squats with a 10-repetition-maximum load, with 90-s rests between sets. Participants then consumed either a placebo or CHO (24% CHO, 1.5 g/kg) drink. Blood was taken before exercise (Pre), immediately after testing (Post), and then 15 (15P), 30 (30P), and 60 (60P) min after drink ingestion. Blood was analyzed for cortisol, glucose, insulin, and total testosterone (TTST). Cortisol did not change significantly in any condition. Glucose concentrations increased significantly from Pre to 15P and 30P during RCHO and Pre to 15P, 30P, and 60P in ECHO (p = .05). Insulin concentrations increased significantly from Pre to 15P, 30P, and 60P in the RCHO and ECHO conditions (p = .05). There were no significant changes in TTST concentrations during RPL or RCHO. Both EPL and ECHO demonstrated a significant elevation in TTST concentrations from Pre to Post (p = .05). During ECHO, TTST concentrations at 60P were significantly lower than Pre levels (p = .05), but there were no significant treatment differences in TTST concentrations at any time point during the EPL and ECHO conditions. Ingesting CHO after resistance exercise resulted in decreased TTST concentrations during recovery, although the mechanism is unclear

Acute effects of whole-body vibration on muscle activity, strength, and power

McBride. Acute effects of whole-body vibration on muscle activ-ity, strength, and power. J. Strength Cond. Res. 20(2):257±261. 2006.—The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of a single bout of whole-body vibration on isometric squat (IS) and countermovement jump (CMJ) performance. Nine moder-ately resistance-trained men were tested for peak force (PF) dur-ing the IS and jump height (JH) and peak power (PP) during the CMJ. Average integrated electromyography (IEMG) was measured from the vastus medialis, vastus lateralis, and biceps femoris muscles. Subjects performed the 2 treatment conditions, vibration or sham, in a randomized order. Subjects were tested for baseline performance variables in both the IS and CMJ, and were exposed to either a 30-second bout of whole-body vibration or sham intervention. Subjects were tested immediately follow-ing the vibration or sham treatment, as well as 5, 15, and 30 minutes posttreatment. Whole-body vibration resulted in a sig-nificantly higher (p # 0.05) JH during the CMJ immediately following vibration, as compared with the sham condition. No significant differences were observed in CMJ PP; PF during IS or IEMG of the vastus medialis, vastus lateralis, or biceps fe-moris during the CMJ; or IS between vibration and sham trea-ments. Whole-body vibration may be a potential warm-up pro-cedure for increasing vertical JH. Future research is warranted addressing the influence of various protocols of whole-body vi-bration (i.e., duration, amplitude, frequency) on athletic perfor-mance

ACUTE EFFECTS OF WHOLE-BODY VIBRATION ON MUSCLE ACTIVITY, STRENGTH, AND POWER

McBride. Acute effects of whole-body vibration on muscle activ-ity, strength, and power. J. Strength Cond. Res. 20(2):257±261. 2006.—The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of a single bout of whole-body vibration on isometric squat (IS) and countermovement jump (CMJ) performance. Nine moder-ately resistance-trained men were tested for peak force (PF) dur-ing the IS and jump height (JH) and peak power (PP) during the CMJ. Average integrated electromyography (IEMG) was measured from the vastus medialis, vastus lateralis, and biceps femoris muscles. Subjects performed the 2 treatment conditions, vibration or sham, in a randomized order. Subjects were tested for baseline performance variables in both the IS and CMJ, and were exposed to either a 30-second bout of whole-body vibration or sham intervention. Subjects were tested immediately follow-ing the vibration or sham treatment, as well as 5, 15, and 30 minutes posttreatment. Whole-body vibration resulted in a sig-nificantly higher (p # 0.05) JH during the CMJ immediately following vibration, as compared with the sham condition. No significant differences were observed in CMJ PP; PF during IS or IEMG of the vastus medialis, vastus lateralis, or biceps fe-moris during the CMJ; or IS between vibration and sham trea-ments. Whole-body vibration may be a potential warm-up pro-cedure for increasing vertical JH. Future research is warranted addressing the influence of various protocols of whole-body vi-bration (i.e., duration, amplitude, frequency) on athletic perfor-mance

Impact of training patterns on incidence of illness and injury during a women's collegiate basketball season.

BACKGROUND: Alterations of glucose homeostasis have been reported to occur even in non-diabetic patients, thus increasing the risk of cardiovascular events and worsening the outcome after an acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Still debated is the role of impaired glucose control in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), as hyperglycemia, represents an important pro-thrombotic stimulus, increasing platelet reactivity and potentially procedural complications. Therefore, the aim of our study was to assess the association between glycosylated hemoglobin and periprocedural myocardial infarction (PMI) in non-diabetic patients undergoing PCI. METHODS: We included patients without history of diabetes undergoing elective PCI. PMI was defined as creatine kinase-MB increase by 3 times the upper limit normal or by 50% of an elevated baseline value, whereas periprocedural myonecrosis as Troponin I increase by 3x ULN or 50% of baseline. RESULTS: Our population is represented by 1199 patients, who were divided according to tertile values of glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c). Higher HbA1c was associated with ageing (p<0.001), hypertension (p=0.005), previous myocardial infarction (p=0.009), PCI (p<0.001) or CABG (p=0.001), treatment with diuretics (p<0.001), higher levels of glycemia (p<0.001) and white blood cells (p=0.02), multivessel coronary artery disease (p=0.03), higher rate of instent restenosis (p=0.02). HbA1c did not impact on periprocedural myocardial infarction (p=0.85; adjusted OR [95% CI]=0.91 [0.74-1.12], p=0.38) or myonecrosis (p=0.69; adjusted OR [95% CI]=0.95 [0.80-1.13], p=0.56). Similar results were obtained fasting glycemia for PMI (p=0.82, adjusted OR [95% CI]=0.90 [0.71-1.14], p=0.37) and myonecrosis (p=0.21, adjusted OR [95% CI]=1.02 [0.84-1.24], p=0.84) and confirmed in high-risk subsets of patients. CONCLUSIONS: In non-diabetic patients undergoing elective PCI, neither glycosylated hemoglobin levels nor fasting glycemia are associated with the risk of periprocedural myocardial infarction and necrosis